Culture Moderates Changes in Linguistic Self-presentation and Detail Provision when Deceiving Others

Change in our language when deceiving is attributable to differences in the affective and cognitive experience of lying compared to truth telling, yet these experiences are also subject to substantial individual differences. On the basis of previous evidence of cultural differences in self-construal and remembering, we predicted and found evidence for cultural differences in the extent to which truths and lies contained self (versus other) references and perceptual (versus social) details. Participants (N = 320) of Black African, South Asian, White European and White British ethnicity completed a catch-the-liar task in which they provided genuine and fabricated statements about either their past experiences or an opinion and counter-opinion. Across the four groups we observed a trend for using more/fewer first-person pronouns and fewer/more third-person pronouns when lying, and a trend for including more/fewer perceptual details and fewer/more social details when lying. Contrary to predicted cultural differences in emotion expression, all participants showed more positive affect and less negative affect when lying. Our findings show that liars deceive in ways that are congruent with their cultural values and norms, and that this may result in opposing changes in behaviour

Important Determinants for Fucoidan Bioactivity: A Critical Review of Structure-Function Relations and Extraction Methods for Fucose-Containing Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Seaweeds

Seaweeds—or marine macroalgae—notably brown seaweeds in the class Phaeophyceae, contain fucoidan. Fucoidan designates a group of certain fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) that have a backbone built of (1→3)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl or of alternating (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl residues, but also include sulfated galactofucans with backbones built of (1→6)-β-d-galacto- and/or (1→2)-β-d-mannopyranosyl units with fucose or fuco-oligosaccharide branching, and/or glucuronic acid, xylose or glucose substitutions. These FCSPs offer several potentially beneficial bioactive functions for humans. The bioactive properties may vary depending on the source of seaweed, the compositional and structural traits, the content (charge density), distribution, and bonding of the sulfate substitutions, and the purity of the FCSP product. The preservation of the structural integrity of the FCSP molecules essentially depends on the extraction methodology which has a crucial, but partly overlooked, significance for obtaining the relevant structural features required for specific biological activities and for elucidating structure-function relations. The aim of this review is to provide information on the most recent developments in the chemistry of fucoidan/FCSPs emphasizing the significance of different extraction techniques for the structural composition and biological activity with particular focus on sulfate groups

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Measuring implicit trust and automatic attitude activation

When researchers measure trust, they often use direct (explicit) measures like questionnaire surveys. This chapter considers the use of indirect (implicit) measures of trust, which rely on reaction times. These measures are less susceptible to the effects of response biases and are more likely to be indicative of spontaneous behaviours

Improving occupational safety : using a trusted information source to communicate about risk

We examine the importance of employee trust in an information source for occupational safety within the construction industry. We sought to identify if: (1) trust in an information source was risk independent; (2) workers trusted one information source significantly more than others; (3) there was a significant relationship between trust and risk behaviour, specifically, if workers' self-reported intention to change their risk-related behaviour was related to their trust in an information source. These issues were addressed using data from 131 UK construction workers drawn from a single industrial site. Results showed that workers' trust in an information source was relatively stable and did not significantly differ between risks. Trust in information from the project manager, safety manager, UK HSE and workmates was based on the source's accuracy, while trust in information from supervisors was based on their demonstrations of care. Of the five sources, the UK HSE and safety manager emerged as the most trusted sources and the most influential in shaping workers' risk-related behavioural intentions. These results have implications for safety campaigns because they suggest that while workers have trust in the source that develops these campaigns (UK HSE), they have relatively less trust in those that deliver them (project managers and supervisors). This may impact on the effectiveness of these campaigns in shaping workers' risk behaviours

Trust and risk communication in high-risk organizations : a test of principles from social risk research

This study explored the effects of open communication about occupational risks on workers' trust beliefs and trust intentions toward risk management, and the resilience of these beliefs and intentions to further risk information. An experimental survey of 393 student nurses showed the importance of open communication in the development of worker trust in risk management. Consistent with the trust asymmetry principle, we found that the increase in trust beliefs following open communication was weaker than the reduction in trust following a lack of communication. Further, the level of trust developed through communication (or lack of) influenced the way that subsequent risk information was processed. Negative risk information reduced trust beliefs in nurses with already low levels of trust while positive risk information increased trust beliefs only in those with already high levels. A similar pattern of results emerged for nurses' trust intentions, although the magnitude of these effects was weaker. The implications of these findings for occupational risk management are discussed

COMPORTAMENTO DI CITTADINANZA PER LA SICUREZZA: UNA RICERCA CROSS-CULTURALE

Introduzione L\u2019importanza del comportamento di cittadinanza nel promuovere la sicurezza sul lavoro \ue8 innegabile. In letteratura, il costrutto di safety citizenship behavior (acr. SCB) \ue8 stato associato alla riduzione del tasso di infortuni e al generale apprendimento organizzativo, e concettualizzato come un costrutto olistico comprendente sei componenti: voicing; initiating a change;helping; wistleblowing; stewardship; civic virtue. Tuttavia, recenti ricerche suggeriscono che alcune componenti possono funzionare in modo differenziato. Obiettivi In assenza di studi internazionali di validazione, la presente ricerca affronta il problema della validit\ue0 e della stabilit\ue0 della struttura fattoriale di SCB attraverso diversi campioni di lavoratori europei. Basandosi sulla ricerca contemporanea sul comportamento di cittadinanza, si ipotizza che esistano due dimensioni di SCB di ordine superiore: affiliative-oriented VS challenging-oriented. Mentre la prima appare orientata al mantenimento del benessere dei lavoratori, la seconda appare orientata al miglioramento dei livelli di sicurezza dei processi. Metodologia I dati sono stati raccolti in differenti nazioni europee (Italia, Federazione Russa, Regno Unito), mediante questionario somministrato a campioni di lavoratori (N > 1000) del settore chimico. I dati sono stati trattati con modelli ad equazione strutturale e multi-gruppo. Risultati Studio 1: I risultati statistici supportano la validit\ue0 e la stabilit\ue0 della struttura latente proposta attraverso i differenti campioni nazionali. Studio 2: L\u2019analisi della rete nomologica di SCB effettuata in uno dei campioni mostra come le due dimensioni sovraordinate SCB siano associate a processi psicosociali complementari (commitment vs proactivity). Conclusioni I risultati della ricerca mostrano implicazioni teoriche e pratiche su come progettare la promozione della sicurezza nei luoghi di lavoro attraverso il coinvolgimento attivo dei lavoratori

Cross-cultural deception detection

The cultural diversity of people encountered by front-line investigators has increased substantially over the last decade. Increasingly, investigators must try to resolve their suspicions by evaluating a person's behaviour through the lens of that person's social and cultural norms. In this chapter, we consider what is known about cross-cultural deception and deception detection. In the first section, we examine cultural differences in perceptions of deception and review evidence suggesting that the accuracy of deception judgements deteriorates when made across cultures. We examine the roots of this poor performance, showing how eight cultural norms lead to behaviours that appear suspicious to judges from other cultures. In the second section, we review evidence suggesting that verbal and non-verbal cues to deception vary across cultures. In particular, we show that the observed variation in cues is consistent with, and can be predicted by, what is known about cultural differences in fundamental interpersonal and cognitive processes. In our conclusion, we speculate about likely areas of development in this line of researc