Des bilans de phosphore majoritairement négatifs pour les systèmes de grandes cultures biologiques sans élevage en Midi-Pyrénées. Quels impacts sur le phosphore biodisponible des sols et l’état de nutrition des cultures ?

Soil phosphorus (P) fertility management in organic cropping systems is a debated issue in the general context of decreasing resources in a near future. A survey showed that in Midi-Pyrenees a majority of stockless organic cropping systems present overdrawn P balances. We investigated the impacts of P balances on the soil plant available P and nutrition status on the long-term field experiment of La Hourre (CREAB, Auch, France), which is representative of rainfed systems set on clayey calcareous soils. The changes in soil plant available P were monitored between 2002 and 2012 using P Olsen soil test. The results specified the declining rate of P availability in time and according to the amplitude of the negative balance. The levels of soil available P did not still lead to degradation of the crop P nutrition status; in this context, N inputs are low, so consequently crop P needs remain limited. However the problems associated with long term management of soil P fertility remain. Beyond the desirable scientific perspectives, we propose a first analysis of the factors on which it would be relevant to act in order to allow the farmers to improve their practices

MASC 2.0, un outil d'évaluation multicritère pour estimer la contribution des systèmes de culture au développement durable

International audienceCurrent changes in the field of agriculture encourage stakeholders to envision new and moresustainable production methods. For this purpose, tools are needed to assess the proposed or newlydesigned solutions before they are taken to the fields and disseminated. MASC 2.0 is a multi-criteriaassessment tool designed to assess the performance of cropping systems in terms of theirsustainability. It was based on a decision support system (DEXi) which aggregates 39 qualitative criteriain a single tree. This tool applies to a wide range of situations. It can therefore be used to identify thebest cropping systems in a given territory (ex post assessment) or design prototypes of croppingsystems (ex ante assessment). Thanks to its flexibility, MASC 2.0 offers users the opportunity topropose their own vision of sustainable development by changing the weight given to each evaluationcriterion. Its friendly and simple interface makes this tool a privileged support for exchanges andmediation between researchers, extension workers, farmers, and public authorities. Its main drawbacksare the time spent to fill in all the criteria and the inherent limitations related to the given scale (croppingsystem) in relation to the larger scales more often used to handle sustainable development issues.Les changements actuels du contexte agricole encouragent les différents acteurs à réfléchir à de nouveaux modes de production plus durables. Pour y parvenir, des outils sont nécessaires pour évaluer les solutions identifiées ou nouvellement conçues avant leur expérimentation et leur diffusion. MASC 2.0 est un outil d'évaluation multicritère des performances des systèmes de cultures assolées du point de vue de leur contribution au développement durable. Il a été développé sur un logiciel d'aide à la décision DEXi qui agrège dans une arborescence les 39 critères qualitatifs retenus pour l'évaluation. MASC 2.0 peut être utilisé pour repérer les systèmes actuels les plus performants dans un contexte donné (évaluation a posteriori). Il permet aussi de classer des systèmes de culture conçus par prototypage (évaluation a priori). Par sa flexibilité, MASC 2.0 offre la possibilité aux utilisateurs de décliner leur propre vision du développement durable en modifiant le poids accordé à chaque critère d'évaluation. L'interface du modèle, conviviale et simple d'utilisation, en fait un support d'échanges et de médiation privilégié entre chercheurs, conseillers agricoles, agriculteurs et pouvoirs publics. Ses principaux inconvénients résident dans le temps nécessaire pour renseigner tous les critères et dans les limites intrinsèques liées à l'échelle considérée pour traiter des questions de développement durable, souvent abordées à des échelles plus larges

Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis

Background: Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods: We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistance–bacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011–12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature. Findings: From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671 689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583 148–763 966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63·5% (426 277 of 671 689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33 110 (28 480–38 430) attributable deaths and 874 541 (768 837–989 068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece. Interpretation: Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia

In an international cohort of 279 patients with hypoxemic influenza pneumonia, we identified 13 patients (4.6%) with autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha and/or -omega, which were previously reported to underlie 15% cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia and one third of severe adverse reactions to live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) can underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine disease. We report here on 13 patients harboring autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 alone (five patients) or with IFN-omega (eight patients) from a cohort of 279 patients (4.7%) aged 6-73 yr with critical influenza pneumonia. Nine and four patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-alpha 2, and six and two patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-omega. The patients' autoantibodies increased influenza A virus replication in both A549 cells and reconstituted human airway epithelia. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher than that in the general population for patients 70 yr of age (3.1 vs. 4.4%, P = 0.68). The risk of critical influenza was highest in patients with antibodies neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-alpha 2 and IFN-omega (OR = 11.7, P = 1.3 x 10(-5)), especially those <70 yr old (OR = 139.9, P = 3.1 x 10(-10)). We also identified 10 patients in additional influenza patient cohorts. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs account for similar to 5% of cases of life-threatening influenza pneumonia in patients <70 yr old

Le magnesium : bases disponibles pour l'elaboration d'un systeme de recommandation de fumure

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Le LIAT : logiciel d'interpretation des analyses de terre. Intentions et definition du projet

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LIAT et etat calcique

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Logiciels : enfance de l'art ou art en enfance ?

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Évaluation multicritère de la durabilité de systèmes de grande culture spécialisés en agriculture biologique dans le Sud-Ouest de la France (région Midi-Pyrénées)

L’analyse de la diversité des performances en durabilité des systèmes de culture dans un contexte régional particulier présente plusieurs sources d’intérêt, que ce soit pour l’aide à la décision publique ou le conseil aux agriculteurs. Cet article présente une évaluation multicritère des systèmes de grandes cultures biologiques spécialisés de la région Midi-Pyrénées. L’entreprise, conduite avec un groupe de conseillers agricoles, a nécessité l’adaptation d’un modèle d’évaluation générique (MASC) aux spécificités de l’agriculture biologique. L’évaluation a porté sur 44 systèmes de culture provenant de 19 exploitations. Les indicateurs de durabilité économique, sociale, et agronomique montrent une variabilité importante. La dimension économique est la plus difficile à assurer, en raison d’une rentabilité jugée le plus souvent faible et d’une autonomie économique moyenne ou faible dans la majorité des cas. La dimension agronomique est fréquemment jugée moyenne mais aussi assez faible dans un cas sur cinq. Les difficultés sont associées essentiellement à la gestion des nutriments à l’échelle des rotations. La dimension environnementale est très favorablement notée, même si des points faibles ont été identifiés concernant l’utilisation des ressources en énergie et en eau, ou les risques de lixiviation de l’azote. L’acceptabilité sociale est favorablement notée, mais cela tient plus à l’acceptabilité pour les agriculteurs que vis-à-vis de la société globale, compte tenu d’un niveau de productivité souvent peu élevé et d’une faible contribution à l’emploi. La comparaison des systèmes irrigués et non irrigués démontre que le niveau d’intensification choisi par les agriculteurs influence le profil de performances des systèmes de culture. Les premiers sont plus performants du point de vue économique, mais moins du point de vue agronomique et environnemental. Dans les deux cas, le niveau de productivité des cultures peut être insuffisant et influer défavorablement sur la durabilité totale des systèmes.Assessing the diversity of sustainability performances of cropping systems in a given regional context is interesting for several reasons, whether for public decision-making or advice to farmers. This article presents a multicriteria analysis of organic arable cropping systems in the Midi-Pyrenees region of France. The work, performed with a group of extension agents, required adapting a generic assessment model (MASC) to the particular characteristics of organic systems. Forty-four cropping systems from 19 farms were assessed. The indicators of economic, social and agronomic sustainability show high variability. The economic dimension is the most difficult to secure, since profitability is scored low and economic autonomy is scored medium or low in most cases. The agronomic dimension is frequently considered medium but also rather low in one out of five cases. Problems are associated mainly with nutrient management at the crop-rotation scale. Higher scores are observed for the environmental dimension, even if weak points were identified regarding the use of energy and water resources or the risk of nitrate leaching. Social acceptability scores better for farmers than for society as a whole, given the frequent low production levels of organic cropping systems and their small contribution to local employment. The comparison of irrigated and non-irrigated systems shows that the level of intensification chosen by farmers influences the performance profile of their cropping systems. Irrigated systems have higher economic performance but lower agronomic and environmental performances. In both cases, poor crop productivity levels observed for some systems may impinge on their overall sustainability

Réussir du blé dur en agriculture biologique..C'est possible avec une variété à haute teneur en protéine et une fertilisation azotée organique de printemps modérée

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