Effects of initial-state dynamics on collective flow within a coupled transport and viscous hydrodynamic approach

We evaluate the effects of preequilibrium dynamics on observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We simulate the initial nonequilibrium phase within A MultiPhase Transport (AMPT) model, while the subsequent near-equilibrium evolution is modeled using (2+1)-dimensional relativistic viscous hydrodynamics. We match the two stages of evolution carefully by calculating the full energy-momentum tensor from AMPT and using it as input for the hydrodynamic evolution. We find that when the preequilibrium evolution is taken into account, final-state observables are insensitive to the switching time from AMPT to hydrodynamics. Unlike some earlier treatments of preequilibrium dynamics, we do not find the initial shear viscous tensor to be large. With a shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of $0.12$, our model describes quantitatively a large set of experimental data on Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider(LHC) over a wide range of centrality: differential anisotropic flow $v_n(p_T) ~(n=2-6)$, event-plane correlations, correlation between $v_2$ and $v_3$, and cumulant ratio $v_2\{4\}/v_2\{2\}$.Comment: 10 pages, v2: minor revisio

Complessità assistenziale: significati e interpretazioni

Il concetto di complessità assistenziale pur essendo molto dibattuto rimane confuso e non definito nelle sue caratteristiche essenziali. Obiettivi. Individuare i termini utilizzati in letteratura per definire la complessità assistenziale e concettualizzarne il significato. Metodo. La ricerca è stata effettuata attraverso PubMed, Medline, Ebsco, Cinahl e Cochrane senza limiti temporali; sono state incluse le pubblicazioni in lingua inglese o italiano. Risultati. I termini che rappresentano la complessità vengono spesso usati in modo intercambiabile anche se hanno significati diversi. Dall’analisi della letteratura sono emersi tre concetti che rappresentano la complessità assistenziale: il nursing intensity che racchiude i concetti di dipendenza, gravità e complessità della cura del paziente, il nursing workload che ingloba il concetto di intensità dell’assistenza più le attività infermieristiche non correlate al paziente e l’acuity rappresentata dalla gravità della malattia e dall’intensità assistenziale. Conclusioni. Occorre arrivare ad una definizione comune per poter utilizzare il concetto di complessità per allocare le risorse infermieristich

La presenza dei genitori durante la rianimazione cardiopolmonare in ambito ospedaliero

Essere testimoni di una rianimazione cardiopolmonare è sempre traumatico, soprattutto per i genitori dei bambini rianimati. Metodo. È stata fatta una revisione della letteratura su MedLine, PubMed, Ebsco, prendendo come parole chiave: Family presence, Relatives, Parents presence, Pediatric Resuscitation, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Pediatric intensive care unit per valutare se il comportamento migliore sia quello di allontanare o far rimanere i genitori, ed il loro bisogno di supporto. La maggior parte delle linee guida pediatriche sostengono l’importanza della presenza dei genitori durante le manovre rianimatorie, ma sottolineano anche il loro bisogno di sostegno. Risultati. La letteratura rileva un beneficio anche per il personale sanitario che migliora le capacità di relazione con i membri della famiglia, facilitando la loro informazione/educazione rispetto ai bisogni/problemi dell’assistito. Conclusioni. Il grado di formazione, gli anni di esperienza e protocolli di gestione dei familiari durante le manovre rianimatorie, possono sensibilizzare gli operatori verso una maggiore accettazione dei genitori durante gli eventi critici

Gli errori di terapia. Interventi di prevenzione in Terapia Intensiva Neonatale

I danni da errori terapeutici rappresentano un grave problema per la sanità. La Terapia Intensiva Neonatale (TIN) è un area peculiare e gli studi prodotti in letteratura dimostrano come il neonato critico sia maggiormente esposto al rischio di errore. Si è avviato un percorso di revisione del processo terapeutico in collaborazione fra medici, infermieri della TIN e il farmacista per individuare lacune e proporre interventi idonei. Le aree maggiormente esposte a rischio di errore si sono dimostrate: • Prescrizione medica e trascrizione della prescrizione sul foglio terapia. • Calcolo della dose di farmaco da infondere e modalità di diluizione del farmaco. • Principio dell’unitarietà (non sempre chi prepara è colui che somministra il farmaco). Il percorso ha permesso alle varie figure sanitarie di prendere coscienza del rischio e come sia importante adottare comportamenti standardizzati e protocollati in tutte le fasi del processo terapeutico, onde prevenire tutte le possibili cause di errore. " Introducendo il calcolo computerizzato della dose di farmaco da infondere si è ovviato difficoltà matematiche e alla prescrizione standardizzata. Infine, l’introduzione delle schede di denuncia volontaria dell’errore dovrebbe permettere non tanto la quantificazione del problema, quanto un’analisi degli sbagli per l’individuazione, in futuro, dei correttivi più appropriati

Perceptions of Science, Science Communication, and Climate Change Attitudes in 68 Countries: The TISP Dataset

Science is integral to society because it can inform individual, government, corporate, and civil society decision-making on issues such as climate change. Yet, public distrust and populist sentiment may challenge the relationship between science and society. To help researchers analyse the science-society nexus across different cultural contexts, we undertook a cross-sectional survey resulting in a dataset of 71,922 participants in 68 countries. The data were collected between November 2022 and August 2023 as part of the global Many Labs study “Trust in Science and Science-Related Populism” (TISP). The questionnaire contained comprehensive measures for individuals’ trust in scientists, science-related populist attitudes, perceptions of the role of science in society, science media use and communication behaviour, attitudes to climate change and support for environmental policies, personality traits, political and religious views and demographic characteristics. Here, we describe the dataset, survey materials and psychometric properties of key variables. We encourage researchers to use this unique dataset for global comparative analyses on public perceptions of science and its role in society and policy-making

Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome

The acquisition and development of the infant microbiome are key to establishing a healthy host-microbiome symbiosis. The maternal microbial reservoir is thought to play a crucial role in this process. However, the source and transmission routes of the infant pioneering microbes are poorly understood. To address this, we longitudinally sampled the microbiome of 25 mother-infant pairs across multiple body sites from birth up to 4 months postpartum. Strain-level metagenomic profiling showed a rapid influx of microbes at birth followed by strong selection during the first few days of life. Maternal skin and vaginal strains colonize only transiently, and the infant continues to acquire microbes from distinct maternal sources after birth. Maternal gut strains proved more persistent in the infant gut and ecologically better adapted than those acquired from other sources. Together, these data describe the mother-to-infant microbiome transmission routes that are integral in the development of the infant microbiome

Molecular dialogues between Trichoderma and roots: Role of the fungal secretome

Trichoderma species are opportunistic fungi residing primarily in soil, tree bark and on wild mushrooms. Trichoderma is capable of killing other fungi and penetrating plant roots, and is commonly used as both a biofungicide and inducer of plant defence against pathogens. These fungi also exert other beneficial effects on plants including growth promotion and tolerance to abiotic stresses, primarily mediated by their intimate interactions with roots. In root-microbe interactions (both beneficial and harmful), fungal secreted proteins play a crucial role in establishing contact with the roots, fungal attachment, root penetration and triggering of plant responses. In Trichoderma-root interactions, the sucrose present in root exudates has been demonstrated to be important in fungal attraction. Attachment to roots is mediated by hydrophobin-like proteins, and secreted swollenins and plant cell wall degrading enzymes facilitate internalization of the fungal hyphae. During the early stage of penetration, suppression of plant defence is vital to successful initial root colonisation; this is mediated by small soluble cysteine-rich secreted proteins (effector-like proteins). Up to this stage, Trichoderma’s behaviour is similar to that of a plant pathogen invading root structures. However, subsequent events like oxidative bursts, the synthesis of salicylic acid by the plants, and secretion of elicitor-like proteins by Trichoderma spp. differentiate this fungus from pathogens. These processes induce immunity in plants that help counter subsequent invasion by plant pathogens and insects. In this review, we present an inventory of soluble secreted proteins from Trichoderma that might play an active role in beneficial Trichoderma-plant interactions, and review the function of such proteins where known

Trust in scientists and their role in society across 67 countries

Scientific information is crucial for evidence-based decision-making. Public trust in science can help decision-makers act based on the best available evidence, especially during crises such as climate change or the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in recent years the epistemic authority of science has been challenged, causing concerns about low public trust in scientists. Here we interrogated these concerns with a pre-registered 67-country survey of 71,417 respondents on all inhabited continents and find that in most countries, a majority of the public trust scientists and think that scientists should be more engaged in policymaking. We further show that there is a discrepancy between the public’s perceived and desired priorities of scientific research. Moreover, we find variations between and within countries, which we explain with individual-and country-level variables,including political orientation. While these results do not show widespread lack of trust in scientists, we cannot discount the concern that lack of trust in scientists by even a small minority may affect considerations of scientific evidence in policymaking. These findings have implications for scientists and policymakers seeking to maintain and increase trust in scientists