From Distraction to Mindfulness: Latent Structure of the Spanish Mind‑Wandering Deliberate and Spontaneous Scales and Their Relationship to Dispositional Mindfulness and Attentional Control

Objectives Mind-wandering is a form of internal distraction that may occur both deliberately and spontaneously. This study aimed to provide a psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the Mind-Wandering Deliberate and Spontaneous (MW-D/MW-S) scales, as well as to extend prior research investigating their associations with dispositional mindfulness (Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire) and with the ability for attentional control of external distraction (Attentional Control Scale). Method In two large samples (n1 = 795; n2 = 1084), we examined latent structure, item- and dimension-level descriptive statistics, and internal consistency reliability scores of the Spanish MW-D/MW-S scales. Partial correlations were used to evaluate their associations with dispositional mindfulness and attentional control. Multiple linear regression and relative weight analyses were used to investigate whether or not, and to what extent, the facets of mindfulness could be uniquely predicted by internal and external distraction. Results The Spanish MW-D/MW-S scales demonstrated a two-factor structure, high internal consistency reliability scores, and good nomological validity. Dispositional mindfulness was independently explained by internal and external distraction. MW-S was the largest (negative) predictor of the scores of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, being this association particularly strong for the facet Acting with awareness. Conversely, MW-D was mildly associated with increased mindfulness. In addition, attentional control was found moderately negatively associated with MW-S and mildly positively associated with MW-D. Conclusions Our results indicate that the Spanish version of the MW-D/MW-S scales are a useful tool to assess individual differences in deliberate and spontaneous mind-wandering, shed light on the relationship between mindfulness and both internal and external distraction, and accentuate the critical role of intentionality in the study of the mind-wandering phenomena.La Caixa Foundation 100010434 LCF/BQ/DE18/11670002Euro-pean Union-Next Generation EU fundsSpanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, Min-isterio de Economia y Competitividad 100010434 Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad LCF/BQ/DE18/11670002Junta de Andalucia FPU17/06169Universidad de Granada / CBUA PID2019-104239 GB-I00/SRA PID2020-114790 GB-I00 PY20_0069

COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak

This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey – an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trustin governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available.</div

COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak

This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey – an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trust in governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available

COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak

This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey - an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trust in governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available.Measurement(s) psychological measurement center dot anxiety-related behavior trait center dot Stress center dot response to center dot Isolation center dot loneliness measurement center dot Emotional Distress Technology Type(s) Survey Factor Type(s) geographic location center dot language center dot age of participant center dot responses to the Coronavirus pandemic Sample Characteristic - Organism Homo sapiens Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data:Peer reviewe

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic : relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.Peer reviewe

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Dimensional perspective in ADHD neurodevelopment as a foundation for translational interventions: The role of executive and arousal attentional processes

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by age-inappropriate and impairing levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity. After decades of prolific basic research into the causes and mechanisms underlying the disorder, these findings have failed to translate into interventions with a substantial impact on core ADHD symptoms. To move past this situation, a shift from the medical to the biopsychosocial model of the disorder is crucial. Based on empirical evidence, the biopsychosocial model adopts a dimensional perspective of ADHD as well as other more complex yet less restrictive assumptions than the medical one, holding considerable hope for translational progress. As part of the dimensional perspective, a fundamental step is the integration between theories aimed at explaining the general neurocognitive functioning and those that account for its variation as a function of ADHD symptom severity. Indeed, the potential alterations in ADHD should be nested within well-established neurocognitive models. In this dissertation, we focused on attention—understood as a general modulatory system of cognition—as a central axis for characterizing two key and dissociable mechanisms in both typical cognitive functioning and ADHD theories: executive and arousal processes. Each of these two domains constitutes an independent mechanism in models of the general functioning of attentional networks (M. I. Posner & Petersen, 1990) and vigilance (Luna et al., 2018). Furthermore, the main theories of ADHD are distinguished between those based on executive dysfunction (Barkley, 1997) and those focused on arousal dysregulation (Sergeant, 2000, 2005). Crucial for the recent debate on the nature of lateonset ADHD, Halperin and Schulz’s (2006) neurodevelopmental model proposes a dissociation between arousal and executive mechanisms when accounting for the early onset of ADHD versus its later development. Based on this dimensional perspective of ADHD within the broader biopsychosocial framework, the aim of the present dissertation was to deepen our understanding of the executive and arousal attentional alterations underlying ADHD symptoms across development, ultimately considering implications for translational interventions. The achievement of this general objective was carried out in five studies grouped into three chapters plus an overarching conceptual analysis that discusses the translational contributions of our findings. First, we sought to establish a neurocognitive behavioural task capable of (a) feasibly collecting large samples from different contexts, (b) measuring relevant indices of attentional functioning with sufficient reliability, and (c) differentiating between executive and arousal measures. To do so, we conducted an instrumental study focused on the Attentional Networks Test for Interaction and Vigilance—Executive and Arousal Components (ANTI-Vea; Luna et al., 2018). Based on the theoretical models of attention mentioned above, this task assesses the functioning of the three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive control) and two vigilance components (executive and arousal). In this study, we developed a free and online resource to easily run, collect, and analyze large volumes of data from the ANTI-Vea, both in typical lab conditions and online in remote settings: the ANTI-Vea-UGR platform. Consistent with open science principles, the task versions are open source, anonymized ANTI-Vea online participant data is stored on a freely accessible public server, and task analyses can be performed using a custom Shiny app or with its associated R code. In addition, we undertook a narrative review of the more than a dozen studies, encompassing over a thousand participants in total, that have employed ANTI-Vea. We concluded that the reliability of most ANTI-Vea indices was acceptable when the task was used in large samples. Crucially, executive and arousal processes were empirically dissociated using the ANTI-Vea, both through experimental manipulations and within the association pattern of some attention-related constructs. Second, we conducted an empirical series of three associative studies, all following a very similar procedure: A community sample of university students perform the ANTIVea and complete self-reports on the severity of their ADHD symptoms in childhood (retrospectively assessed) and adulthood. The first of these studies (N = 113), of a more exploratory nature, found a neurodevelopmental dissociation consistent with Halperin and Schulz’s (2006) neurodevelopmental model. Concretely, arousal indices (i.e., alerting network and arousal vigilance) correlated with ADHD symptoms in childhood, whereas the decrement in executive vigilance was linked to higher symptoms in adulthood. The second study (N = 292) was a preregistered close replication of the previous one with a greater focus on transparently testing the hypothesized neurodevelopmental dissociation between executive and arousal vigilance in relation to ADHD symptoms. Unexpectedly, neither preregistered nor multiverse analyses supported the predictions of the neurodevelopmental model. The third study (N = 492) combined the samples from the two previous studies with a third sample in which participants performed the ANTI-Vea task multiple times to shed light on the neurocognitive characterization of late-onset ADHD. This final pattern of results did not support a neurodevelopmental dissociation either. On the contrary, both executive and arousal alterations were associated with ADHD symptoms in childhood, adulthood, and late onset (i.e., symptoms in adulthood after controlling for those in childhood). Third, we presented the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD on indices of autonomic arousal. Arousal dysregulation in ADHD, often in the form of hypo-arousal, is a potential target and mediator in interventions aimed at improving ADHD symptoms. Arousal measures of the autonomic nervous system include cardiac, electrodermal, and pupil activity, among others. The twofold aim of this study was (a) to examine whether current nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD, translational or not, can enhance the regulation of arousal mechanisms; and (b) to identify promising arousal-based translational interventions for ADHD. Preliminary results have identified 12 studies. However, due to the low statistical power and high heterogeneity across study designs and intervention types, drawing robust conclusions on the current state of the art in this area was challenging. Finally, we attempted to integrate our findings with the previous literature to derive proposals that may contribute to the future of translational interventions for ADHD in two key issues: 1. Neurocognitive nature of late-onset ADHD. Evidence mostly suggests that lateonset ADHD is not distinct from conventional ADHD at the neurocognitive level. This implies that translational interventions for ADHD should target the same underlying alterations across different stages of development, regardless of the age of disorder onset. Furthermore, this supports the idea that both child- and adult-onset ADHD can be conceptualized as mere variants of the same disorder. Whether this single disorder is neurodevelopmental or not is an open question that depends on the role (moderating vs. causal) of late-onset ADHD precursors. 2. Mechanisms of translational interventions. As we have shown, both executive and arousal alterations may underlie ADHD symptoms. However, interventions for ADHD have typically been designed to train executive domains (e.g., computerbased cognitive training), while targeting arousal regulation is generally neglected. This contrasts to current models of cognitive training, which propose that the transfer of gains is largely due to mechanisms of cognitive efficiency, which are not primarily executive. Therefore, arousal-based translational interventions for ADHD, such as effort training through learned industriousness or trigeminal nerve stimulation, are postulated as promising therapeutic options. Overall, although the therapeutic progress derived from ADHD basic research is limited, we believe that the translational logic of targeting neurocognitive processes thought to mediate ADHD pathophysiology to improve core symptoms and related impairment still has viability. While the contributions of this thesis are tentative and somewhat constrained by the design of studies, our adoption of the biopsychosocial/dimensional model and the open science framework is, in our view, essential to building a more sound and translatable ADHD science. Beyond translational interventions, promoting inclusive environments of acceptance and appreciation towards the diverse ways of thinking and behaving of people with ADHD is fundamental to the development of their personal growth, strengths, and empowerment in our society.El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) se conceptualiza comúnmente como una condición del neurodesarrollo caracterizada por unos niveles inapropiados para la edad y deteriorantes de falta de atención y/o hiperactividad– impulsividad. Tras décadas de prolífica investigación básica en las causas y mecanismos subyacentes al trastorno, estos hallazgos no han logrado trasladarse a intervenciones que tengan un impacto sustancial en los síntomas centrales del TDAH. Para superar esta situación, un cambio del modelo médico al modelo biopsicosocial del trastorno es crucial. Basado en evidencia empírica, el modelo biopsicosocial adopta una perspectiva dimensional del TDAH, además de otras suposiciones más complejas pero menos restrictivas que el médico, ofreciendo así esperanzas considerables para el progreso traslacional. Como parte de la perspectiva dimensional, un paso fundamental es la integración entre teorías dirigidas a explicar el funcionamiento neurocognitivo general y aquellas que explican su variación en función de la severidad de los síntomas del TDAH. De hecho, las potenciales alteraciones en el TDAH deben anidarse dentro de modelos neurocognitivos bien establecidos. En esta disertación, nos centramos en la atención, entendida como un sistema modulador general de la cognición, como eje central para caracterizar dos mecanismos clave y disociables tanto en el funcionamiento cognitivo típico como en las teorías del TDAH: los procesos ejecutivos y de activación (también conocido como arousal). Cada uno de estos dos dominios constituye un mecanismo independiente en los modelos del funcionamiento general de las redes atencionales (M. I. Posner & Petersen, 1990) y vigilancia (Luna et al., 2018). Además, las principales teorías del TDAH se distinguen entre las basadas en disfunción ejecutiva Barkley (1997) y las enfocadas en la disregulación de la activación (Sergeant, 2000, 2005). Clave para el reciente debate sobre la naturaleza del TDAH de inicio tardío, el modelo del neurodesarrollo de Halperin y Schulz (2006) propone una disociación entre mecanismos de activación y ejecutivos al explicar el inicio temprano del TDAH frente a su desarrollo posterior. Basándonos en esta perspectiva dimensional del TDAH dentro del marco biopsicosocial más amplio, el objetivo de la presente disertación era profundizar en nuestra comprensión de las alteraciones atencionales ejecutivas y de activación subyacentes a los síntomas del TDAH a lo largo del desarrollo, considerando en última instancia sus implicaciones para las intervenciones traslacionales. La consecución de este objetivo general se llevó a cabo en cinco estudios agrupados en tres capítulos más un análisis conceptual general que discute las contribuciones traslacionales de nuestros hallazgos. En primer lugar, buscamos establecer una tarea neurocognitivo comportamental capaz de (a) recolectar muestras grandes de manera factible en diferentes contextos, (b) medir índices relevantes del funcionamiento atencional con suficiente fiabilidad y (c) diferenciar entre procesos ejecutivos y de activación. Para ello, realizamos un estudio instrumental enfocado en el Test de Redes Atencionales para Interacciones y Vigilancia— Componentes Ejecutivos y de Activación (ANTI-Vea; Luna et al., 2018). Basada en los modelos teóricos de atención mencionados anteriormente, esta tarea evalúa el funcionamiento de las tres redes atencionales (alerta, orientación y control ejecutivo) y dos componentes de vigilancia (ejecutiva y de activación). En este estudio, desarrollamos un recurso gratuito en línea para ejecutar, recopilar y analizar fácilmente grandes volúmenes de datos de la ANTI-Vea, ya sea en condiciones típicas de laboratorio o en línea en entornos remotos: la plataforma ANTI-Vea-UGR. En consonancia con los principios de la ciencia abierta, las versiones de la tarea son de código abierto, los datos en línea anonimizados de los participantes de la ANTI-Vea se almacenan en un servidor público de libre acceso y el análisis de la tarea se puede realizar mediante una aplicación Shiny personalizada o con su código R asociado. Además, realizamos una revisión narrativa de más de una docena de estudios, incluyendo más de un millar de participantes en total, que han empleado la ANTI-Vea. Concluimos que la fiabilidad de la mayoría de los índices de la ANTI-Vea fue aceptable cuando se utilizaba en muestras grandes. Crucialmente, los procesos ejecutivos y de activación fueron empíricamente disociados en la ANTI-Vea, tanto mediante manipulaciones experimentales como en el patrón de asociaciones de algunos constructos relacionados con la atención. En segundo lugar, llevamos a cabo una serie empírica de tres estudios asociativos, todos siguiendo un procedimiento muy similar: Una muestra comunitaria de estudiantes universitarios realiza la ANTI-Vea y completa autoinformes sobre la severidad de sus síntomas del TDAH en la infancia (evaluados retrospectivamente) y en la adultez. El primero de estos estudios (N = 113), de naturaleza más exploratoria, encontró una disociación en el neurodesarrollo consistente con el modelo del neurodesarrollo de Halperin y Schulz (2006). Concretamente, los índices de activación (es decir, la red de alerta y la vigilancia de activación) correlacionaron con los síntomas del TDAH en la infancia, mientras que el decremento en la vigilancia ejecutiva se vinculó con niveles de síntomas más altos en la adultez. El segundo estudio (N = 292) es una réplica cercana preregistrada del anterior con un mayor foco en testar de manera transparente una hipotetizada disociación en el neurodesarrollo entre la vigilancia ejecutiva y de activación en relación con los síntomas del TDAH. Inesperadamente, ni los análisis preregistrados ni los análisis multiverso apoyaron las predicciones del modelo del neurodesarrollo. El tercer estudio (N = 492) combina las muestras de los dos estudios anteriores con una tercera muestra en la que los participantes realizaron la tarea ANTI-Vea en múltiples ocasiones para arrojar luz sobre la caracterización neurocognitiva del TDAH de inicio tardío. Este patrón final de resultados tampoco respaldó una disociación en el neurodesarrollo. Por el contrario, tanto las alteraciones ejecutivas como de activación se asociaron con los síntomas del TDAH en la infancia, en la adultez y de inicio tardío (i. e., síntomas en la adultez después de controlar por los síntomas de la infancia). En tercer lugar, presentamos el protocolo de una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis sobre los efectos de las intervenciones no farmacológicas para el TDAH en los índices de activación autonómica. La disregulación de la activación en el TDAH, a menudo en forma de hipoactivación, es un posible objetivo y mediador en las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar los síntomas del TDAH. Las medidas de activación del sistema nervioso autónomo incluyen las actividades cardíaca, electrodérmica y pupilar, entre otras. El doble objetivo de este estudio fue (a) examinar si las intervenciones actuales para el TDAH, traslacionales o no, pueden mejorar la regulación de los mecanismos de activación; y (b) identificar intervenciones traslacionales prometedoras basadas en la activación para el TDAH. Los resultados preliminares han identificado 12 estudios. Sin embargo, dada la baja potencia estadística y la alta heterogeneidad entre los diseños de los estudios y entre los tipos de intervención, fue difícil extraer conclusiones sólidas sobre el estado del arte actual en esta área. Por último, intentamos integrar nuestros hallazgos con la literatura previa para derivar propuestas que puedan contribuir al futuro de las intervenciones traslacionales para el TDAH en dos cuestiones clave: 1. Naturaleza neurocognitiva del TDAH de inicio tardío. La evidencia sugiere que el TDAH de inicio tardío no es distinto del TDAH convencional a nivel neurocognitivo. Esto implica que las intervenciones traslacionales para el TDAH deben dirigirse a las mismas alteraciones subyacentes en las diferentes etapas del desarrollo, independientemente de la edad de inicio del trastorno. Además, esto apoya la idea de que tanto el TDAH infantil como el de inicio tardío pueden conceptualizarse como meras variantes del mismo trastorno. Si este trastorno único es o no del neurodesarrollo es una cuestión abierta que depende del rol (moderador versus causal) de los precursores del TDAH de inicio tardío. 2. Mecanismos de las intervenciones traslacionales. Como hemos demostrado, tanto las alteraciones ejecutivas como las de la activación pueden subyacer a los síntomas del TDAH. Sin embargo, las intervenciones para el TDAH han sido típicamente diseñadas para entrenar los dominios ejecutivos (p. ej., el entrenamiento cognitivo computarizado), mientras que enfocarse en la regulación de la activación generalmente ha sido ignorado. Esto contrasta con modelos actuales de entrenamiento cognitivo, que proponen que la transferencia de ganancias se debe en gran medida a mecanismos de eficiencia cognitiva, que no son primariamente ejecutivos. Por tanto, las intervenciones traslacionales para el TDAH basadas en la activación, como el entrenamiento del esfuerzo mediante la laboriosidad aprendida o la estimulación del nervio trigémino, se postulan como opciones terapéuticas prometedoras. En general, a pesar de que el progreso terapéutico derivado de la investigación básica del TDAH es limitado, creemos que la lógica traslacional de dirigirse a los procesos neurocognitivos que supuestamente median en la fisiopatología del TDAH para mejorar los síntomas centrales y el deterioro relacionado aún tiene viabilidad. Aunque las contribuciones de esta tesis son tentativas y algo constreñidas por el diseño de sus estudios, nuestra adopción del modelo biopsicosocial/dimensional y el marco de la ciencia abierta son, en nuestra opinión, esenciales para construir una ciencia del TDAH más sólida y prometedora. Más allá de las intervenciones traslacionales, promover entornos inclusivos de aceptación y valoración hacia las diversas formas de pensar y comportarse en las personas con TDAH es fundamental para el desarrollo de su crecimiento personal, sus fortalezas y su empoderamiento en nuestra sociedadTesis Univ. Granada

Attentional networks, vigilance, and distraction as a function of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an adult community sample

Our work was supported by a predoctoral fellowship (FPU17/06169) awarded to Tao Coll-Martin from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport; a research project grant (PSI2016-79812-P) awarded to Hugo Carretero-Dios from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness; and a research project grant (PSI2017-84926-P) awarded to Juan Lupianez from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness. The funders had no role in any stage of the development and publication of this work. We thank Sophie Forster for her generous availability and valuable intellectual inputs, Fernando Luna for his kind willingness to help with the reliability analysis, and Mateu Servera for his enthusiastic help with the instrument selection process.Attentional difficulties are a core axis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, establishing a consistent and detailed pattern of these neurocognitive alterations has not been an easy endeavour. Based on a dimensional approach to ADHD, the present study aims at comprehensively characterizing three key attentional domains: the three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive attention), two components of vigilance (executive and arousal vigilance), and distraction. To do so, we modified a single, fine-grained task (the ANTI-Vea) by adding irrelevant distractors. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed three self-reports of ADHD symptoms in childhood and adulthood and performed the ANTI-Vea. Despite the low reliability of some ANTI-Vea indexes, the task worked successfully. While ADHD symptoms in childhood were related to alerting network and arousal vigilance, symptoms in adulthood were linked to executive vigilance. No association between ADHD symptom severity and executive attention and distraction was found. In general, our hypotheses about the relationships between ADHD symptoms and attentional processes were partially supported. We discuss our findings according to ADHD theories and attention measurement.Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport FPU17/06169Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness PSI2016-79812-P PSI2017-84926-

Attentional networks, vigilance, and distraction as a function of ADHD symptoms

Attentional difficulties are a core axis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, establishing a consistent and detailed pattern of these neurocognitive alterations has not been an easy endeavor. The present study aimed at thoroughly characterizing three key attentional domains, namely, the three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive attention), two components of vigilance (executive and arousal vigilance), and distraction. To do so, we modified a single, fine-grained task (the ANTI-Vea) by adding irrelevant distractors. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed three questionnaires of ADHD symptoms in childhood and adulthood and performed the ANTI-Vea. Despite the low reliability of some ANTI-Vea indexes, the task worked successfully. While ADHD symptoms in childhood were related to alerting network and arousal vigilance, ADHD in adulthood were linked to executive vigilance. No association between ADHD symptoms and executive attention and distraction was found. In general, our hypotheses about the relationships between ADHD symptoms and attentional processes, were supported only partially at most. We discuss our findings according to ADHD theories and attention measurement

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms as Function of Arousal and Executive Vigilance: Testing the Halperin and Schulz’s Neurodevelopmental Model in an Adult Community Sample

Halperin and Schulz's neurodevelopmental model postulates that the onset of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is due to subcortical alterations, whereas the disorder trajectory into adulthood depends on the development of executive functions. Based on a dimensional framework of ADHD, Coll-Martín et al. (2021) found support for the model in an adult community sample assessed in arousal and executive vigilance. The present study is a preregistered (https://osf.io/tkdq7) close replication of Coll-Martín et al. with stricter control of statistical error rates to test the two hypotheses of the model. A sample of university students (N = 292 valid; 49% women) completed self-reports of ADHD symptoms in childhood (retrospectively) and adulthood and performed the online version of an attentional task (the ANTI-Vea). Our preregistered hypotheses achieved an acceptable statistical power for the effects of interest, even after accounting for measurement error. Despite this, only the unexpected negative correlation between executive vigilance and symptoms in childhood was significant, therefore refuting the theoretical predictions. Similarly, neither multiverse nor exploratory analyses supported the dissociation pattern proposed by the neurodevelopmental model. ADHD symptoms across the lifespan may be pathophysiologically identical, at least in terms of vigilance. Future studies could include complementary assessment methods and clinical groups