Multitemporal glacier inventory revealing four decades of glacier changes in the Ladakh region

Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, for the lab facilities and the United States Geological Survey for the Landsat and ASTER imageries. The authors also thank Planet Labs and Google for the high resolution PlanetScope and Google Earth imageries. We are also thankful to the Scottish Funding Council and the University Of Aberdeen, United Kingdom for financially supporting our work.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The evolution and preservation potential of englacial eskers: An example from Breiðamerkurjökull, SE Iceland

Directly observing glacial drainage systems (englacial and subglacial) is challenging. The distribution, morphology and internal structure of eskers can provide valuable information about the glacial drainage system and meltwater processes. This work presents the annual evolution (meltout) and internal structure of an esker emerging from the Breiðamerkurjökull ice margin, southeast Iceland. Changes in esker morphology have been repeatedly mapped over a 1‐year period using high temporal and spatial resolution data acquired by an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV). The internal architecture of the esker was investigated using ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. These data are used to identify the dominant processes driving the formation of this englacial esker and to evaluate the preservation potential. The englacial esker was up to 2.6 m thick and ice‐cored. A large moulin upglacier of the esker, which evolved into an englacial conduit, supplied meltwater to the englacial channel. Upglacier dipping debris‐filled basal hydrofractures, formed by pressurised subglacial meltwater rising up the retrograde bed slope, likely supplied sediment to the englacial conduit. Over the 1‐year period of observation the crest morphology evolved from flat‐ to sharp‐crested and the esker footprint increased by a factor of 5.7 in response to post‐depositional processes. The findings presented here indicate that englacial eskers may have low preservation potential due to post‐depositional reworking such as slumping through ice‐core meltout and erosion by later meltwater flow. As englacial eskers may not be preserved in the landscape, they could represent important glacial drainage system components that are not currently captured in palaeo‐ice sheet reconstructions. This work highlights the value of creating a time series of high‐temporal resolution data to quantify morphological evolution and improve glacial process‐form models

Urban space and the social control of incivilities: perceptions of space influencing the regulationof anti-social behaviour

Contemporary cities are increasingly governed through space. In this article,we examine how urban space and perceptions thereof can influence the social control inthe area of incivilities. To this end, we first inspect the existing literature, in particularthe socio-spatial studies that emphasise the importance of culture and values in theinteraction with social control. Partly drawing on examples from our previous studies,we suggest that people’s perceptions of urban space (influenced by cultural symbols,social and media representations, aesthetics and other values) affect their perceptions ofincivilities, while the latter often determine or at least importantly contribute to theshaping of the social control of incivilities. We further highlight the role of gentrifica-tion as a medium and a tool of social control. The paper concludes by discussingimplications of this for the possible future, more integrated and interdisciplinaryresearch on the social control of incivilities in the city

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Landsat-based multitemporal glacier inventory data of over four decades (1977-2019) for Ladakh region

This dataset contains Landsat based multitemporal glacier inventories of the four Upper Indus sub-basins (Shayok, Suru, Leh and Zanskar) and three internal drainage basins (Tsokar, Tsomoriri and Pangong) around the Ladakh region for 1977, 1993, 2009 and 2019. The inventory includes all the glaciers (2257) of the region larger than 0.5 km2, covering an area of ~7923 ±106 km2 (equivalent to ~90% of the total glacierised area in the region). The glacier area ranges between 0.5 to 862 km2, most of which belong to the smallest size category (0.5-1 km2). More than 70% of the glaciers are north-facing (NW-N-NE) and concentrated in higher elevation zones between 5000 and 6000m a.s.l. The dataset is a product of a semi-automated approach involving a band ratio approach, manual corrections and quality check