Post critical heat flux heat transfer in a vertical tube including spacer grid effects

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING.Includes bibliographical references.by Edward M. Cluss, Jr.M.S

Psychological therapies for women who experience intimate partner violence

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is prevalent and strongly associated with mental health problems. Women experiencing IPV attend health services frequently for mental health problems. The World Health Organization recommends that women who have experienced IPV and have a mental health diagnosis should receive evidence-based mental health treatments. However, it is not known if psychological therapies work for women in the context of IPV and whether they cause harm. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of psychological therapies for women who experience IPV on the primary outcomes of depression, self-efficacy and an indicator of harm (dropouts) at six- to 12-months' follow-up, and on secondary outcomes of other mental health symptoms, anxiety, quality of life, re-exposure to IPV, safety planning and behaviours, use of healthcare and IPV services, and social support. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trials Register (CCMDCTR), CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and three other databases, to the end of October 2019. We also searched international trials registries to identify unpublished or ongoing trials and handsearched selected journals, reference lists of included trials and grey literature. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, cluster-RCTs and cross-over trials of psychological therapies with women aged 16 years and older who self-reported recent or lifetime experience of IPV. We included trials if women also experienced co-existing mental health diagnoses or substance abuse issues, or both. Psychological therapies included a wide range of interventions that targeted cognition, motivation and behaviour compared with usual care, no treatment, delayed or minimal interventions. We classified psychological therapies according to Cochrane Common Mental Disorders's psychological therapies list. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors extracted data and undertook 'Risk of Bias' assessment. Treatment effects were compared between experimental and comparator interventions at short-term (up to six months post-baseline), medium-term (six to under 12 months, primary outcome time point), and long-term follow-up (12 months and above). We used standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous and odds ratio (OR) for dichotomous outcomes, and used random-effects meta-analysis, due to high heterogeneity across trials. MAIN RESULTS: We included 33 psychological trials involving 5517 women randomly assigned to experimental (2798 women, 51%) and comparator interventions (2719 women, 49%). Psychological therapies included 11 integrative therapies, nine humanistic therapies, six cognitive behavioural therapy, four third-wave cognitive behavioural therapies and three other psychologically-orientated interventions. There were no trials classified as psychodynamic therapies. Most trials were from high-income countries (19 in USA, three in Iran, two each in Australia and Greece, and one trial each in China, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan, Spain and UK), among women recruited from healthcare, community, shelter or refuge settings, or a combination of any or all of these. Psychological therapies were mostly delivered face-to-face (28 trials), but varied by length of treatment (two to 50 sessions) and staff delivering therapies (social workers, nurses, psychologists, community health workers, family doctors, researchers). The average sample size was 82 women (14 to 479), aged 37 years on average, and 66% were unemployed. Half of the women were married or living with a partner and just over half of the participants had experienced IPV in the last 12 months (17 trials), 6% in the past two years (two trials) and 42% during their lifetime (14 trials). Whilst 20 trials (61%) described reliable low-risk random-sampling strategies, only 12 trials (36%) described reliable procedures to conceal the allocation of participant status. While 19 trials measured women's depression, only four trials measured depression as a continuous outcome at medium-term follow-up. These showed a probable beneficial effect of psychological therapies in reducing depression (SMD -0.24, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.01; four trials, 600 women; moderate-certainty evidence). However, for self-efficacy, there may be no evidence of a difference between groups (SMD -0.12, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.09; one trial with medium-term follow-up data, 346 women; low-certainty evidence). Further, there may be no difference between the number of women who dropped out from the experimental or comparator intervention groups, an indicator of no harm (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.44; five trials with medium-term follow-up data, 840 women; low-certainty evidence). Although no trials reported adverse events from psychological therapies or participation in the trial, only one trial measured harm outcomes using a validated scale. For secondary outcomes, trials measured anxiety only at short-term follow-up, showing that psychological therapies may reduce anxiety symptoms (SMD -0.96, 95% CI -1.29 to -0.63; four trials, 158 women; low-certainty evidence). However, within medium-term follow-up, low-certainty evidence revealed that there may be no evidence between groups for the outcomes safety planning (SMD 0.04, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.25; one trial, 337 women), post-traumatic stress disorder (SMD -0.24, 95% CI -0.54 to 0.06; four trials, 484 women) or re-exposure to any form of IPV (SMD 0.03, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.2; two trials, 547 women). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that for women who experience IPV, psychological therapies probably reduce depression and may reduce anxiety. However, we are uncertain whether psychological therapies improve other outcomes (self-efficacy, post-traumatic stress disorder, re-exposure to IPV, safety planning) and there are limited data on harm. Thus, while psychological therapies probably improve emotional health, it is unclear if women's ongoing needs for safety, support and holistic healing from complex trauma are addressed by this approach. There is a need for more interventions focused on trauma approaches and more rigorous trials (with consistent outcomes at similar follow-up time points), as we were unable to synthesise much of the research

Finding optimised parameters and reaction conditions for quartz crystal microbalance coatings for the detection of blood group specific coupling of erythrocytes

Die Verwendung von Schwingquarzen als Biosensoren in der Immunhämatologie, insbesondere in der Blutgruppenanalytik, stellt eine neue, zuverlässige und zugleich auch kostengünstige Methode dar. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Verwendung bestehen darin, dass es sich bei der sensitiven Schicht des Schwingquarzes um biologisches Material handelt, das auf einer künstlichen Oberfläche angekoppelt werden muss, ohne dass dies Folgen für seine biologische Aktivität haben darf. Die Arbeit befaßt sich im Schwerpunkt mit der Optimierung und Weiterentwicklung der sensitiven Beschichtung eines Schwingquarzes zur blutgruppenspezifischen Ankopplung von Erythrozyten und der Verbesserung der Parameter und Reaktionsbedingungen für die spezifische Ankopplung dieser. Zudem wird gezeigt, welche weiteren serologischen Fragestellungen mit dieser Art von Messverfahren noch beantwortet werden kann. Die sensitive Beschichtung des Quarzes setzt sich aus einer Protein A Schicht, gebunden auf der Goldelektrode des Quarzes und den jeweiligen blutgruppenspezifischen Antikörper zusammen. Dabei sollen aus Kosten- und Zeitgründen möglichst Materialien (wie Antikörper, Lösungs- und Trägermittel) aus der bisherigen serologischen Routinediagnostik verwendet werden. Für diese Untersuchungen ist es erforderlich, dass variierte Beschichtungstechniken und neu entwickelte Schichtarchitekturen, schnell und ohne großen Aufwand getestet werden können. Eine bereits sich in der Routineerprobung befindende automatisierte Schwingquarzanlage ist für diese Tests zwar einsetzbar, aber auf Grund ihres Aufbaus und ihrer Komponenten komplex. Es wurde deshalb ein System entwickelt, aufgebaut und eingesetzt, das nur aus den für diese Fragestellung notwendigen Komponenten besteht, ein so genanntes Dummy-System. Das Dummy–System setzt sich aus der Messzelle mit angeschlossener Fluidik zusammen, auf die aufwendige Elektronik der „schwingenden“ Anlage wird verzichtet. Die Auswertung erfolgt optisch über ein Auflichtmikroskop und eine Auswertungssoftware. Die Umsetzung der Beschichtungs- und Messprotokolle des schwingenden Systems (ein IgG-Monolayer auf einer Protein A Schicht) in die Dummy-Anlage funktioniert ohne Probleme. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse über die Auszählung der gebundenen Erythrozyten mit dem Auflichtmikroskop und der Auswertungssoftware funktioniert mit hoher Sensitivität und Spezifität. Weiterhin wird die hohe Sensibilität der Oberfläche dargestellt. Eine Verdünnung der Blutprobe auf bis zu 1 : 100 000 kann durch den Quarz detektiert werden. Die Beschichtung zeigt damit eine höhere Sensibilität, als herkömmliche automatisierte Methoden in der Blutgruppenbestimmung (z. B. ID-Micro-Typing-System der Firma DiaMed). Der zweite Teil der Versuche zeigt, welche weiteren Möglichkeiten der Schichtarchitektur im Dummy-System aufgebaut und getestet werden können. Ein weiteres Ziel der Arbeit ist der direkte Antikörpernachweis. Es werden erfolgreich mit Antikörpern beladene Erythrozyten spezifisch auf der Quarzoberfläche gebunden. Dabei wird eine Beschichtung aus Protein A und einem Anti-Ig-Immunglobulin verwendet. Die Regeneration gebrauchter Quarze im Dummy-System stellt eine weitere Aufgabe der Arbeit dar. Es wird mit chemischen und mechanischen Methoden versucht, die Oberfläche von spezifisch gebundenen Erythrozyten zu säubern. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass im nicht schwingenden System noch keine zufrieden stellende Lösung der Regeneration gefunden werden kann.Utilization of QCM as biosensors in the field of immune haematology especially for blood typing is a new reliable and cost-effective method. Difficulties using this method are that the sensitive quartz layers consist of biological material that should be coupled on an artificial surface without effecting the biological activity of the layer. The main focus of the presented work is the optimisation and the further development of sensitive QCM coating layers for the blood group specific coupling of erythrocytes and the enhancement of coupling parameters and reaction conditions. Furthermore the serological questions that could be answered with this method are mentioned. The sensitive layer is made up of a protein A layer and on it immobilised blood group specific antibodies. Antibodies and other biological material should be materials that are used in the routine serological diagnostics considering time efficiency and reasons of economy

Determinants of Fundraising Efficiency for Religious and Nonreligious Nonprofit Organizations

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of fundraising efficiency for religious and nonreligious nonprofit organizations. An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) linear regression model is used to test whether or not the determinants of fundraising efficiency are consistent among religious and nonreligious groups. The study shows that organization size and reputation positively influence fundraising efficiency across samples. I also show that increased spending on administration and professional fundraising expenses have a negative effect on fundraising efficiency. However, the magnitudes of the coefficients are inconsistent among religious and nonreligious organizations, implying that religious affiliation influences fundamental characteristics of nonprofit organizations that impact fundraising efficiency. I also find unexpected relationships between fundraising efficiency and government grants, but interpret this as settling an inconsistency in the literature

Arts and Industries Building

900 Jefferson Drive SW, Washington, DC 20024interior, rotund

Arts and Industries Building

900 Jefferson Drive SW, Washington, DC 20024exterio

Arts and Industries Building

Distant vie