Size Matters: Measuring the Receptive Vocabulary size of First Semester and Last Semester Students in the English Major at Higher Education Institutions in El Salvador

Vocabulary size has been one of the most frequently researched aspects of vocabulary acquisition and has been found to be a determinant factor in the achievement of English language proficiency. Notwithstanding, the profile of Salvadoran English majors does not include this aspect, nor is there any account of previous studies being conducted to either introduce this notion and its importance or to make an estimate of the English majors’ vocabulary size. This study sought to fill the gap in the Salvadoran L2 literature by providing rough estimates of learners’ vocabulary sizes through a sample of 312 English majors from three different regions of El Salvador. Participants were divided into two groups: first semester (FS) and last semester (LS). Vocabulary size measures were made by utilizing the well-established Yes/No tests (Meara, 1992) through a battery of 12 tests that were adapted in Excel to measure vocabulary knowledge of the first-five 1,000 high frequency words and academic vocabulary. Results show that whereas FS learners are true beginners, LS learners’ receptive vocabulary size falls short of the expected range to be considered proficient users of the language and may be inadequate to comply with certain expectations of their graduation profile. These findings encourage further research about L2 vocabulary development in El Salvador, so that informed curriculum decisions are made and achievable vocabulary learning goals are set to optimize English learning in El Salvador. Pedagogical implications are also provided

Genomic organization of nucleolin gene in carp fish: Evidence for several genes

http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602006000200017&lng=es&nrm=isoThe protein nucleolin, functionally involved in the main steps of ribosome biogenesis, is codified by a single copy gene in mammals. Here we report that at least three different genes codify for this protein in carp fish (Cyprinus carpio). This is the first description of the genomic organization of nucleolin in a teleost. The carp nucleolin gene includes 8.8 kb and contains 16 exons. Promoter cis regulatory elements are similar to constitutive genes, i.e., a putative TATA box, three G/C boxes, and three pyrimidine-rich boxes. As in other species, carp nucleolin gene introns host three snoRNA codifying sequences: U23 from the H/ACA family and two C/D box snoRNAs, U20 and U82. Both U20 and U82 span a complementary sequence with carp 18S rRNA. Additionally, we identified two cDNAs coding for nucleolin, confirming the existence of several nucleolin genes in carp. Amino acidderived sequence from carp cDNAs differ from mammal protein because they span additional acidic domains at the amino end, whose functional significance remains unclear. We performed amino acid sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses showing that the three isoforms of carp nucleolin, which we describe herein, cluster in two groups. cNUC1 probably diverges from cNUC2 and cNUC3 as result of ancestral fish-specific genome duplication, indeed C. carpio is a tetraploid fish

Reflexões sobre a enfermagem desde a biopolítica: relações de poder e cuidado

Este ensayo tiene como objetivos reflexionar desde la perspectiva foucaultiana, el cuidado que se entrega y se enseña a los futuros profesionales y analizar las relaciones de poder en el ámbito de la enfermería y el vínculo con las personas “objetos de cuidado” desde un enfoque bioético. La metodología incorpora un análisis de textos desde la perspectiva foucaultiana en salud, una mirada retrospectiva sobre experiencias profesionales y la instalación de dispositivos de poder en enfermería. Se analizan fuentes relacionadas con la historia de enfermería y la formación profesional con énfasis en las relaciones profesores/estudiantes y enfermeros/pacientes. Se contrastan aspectos bioéticos y contextos profesionales. La enfermería ha normalizado la instalación de lógicas de control en la atención directa de personas y en el cuidado, lo cual además se transfiere a la formación de enfermeras y enfermeros. Actualmente, el pensamiento de enfermería se ha ampliado, independizado y adaptado a los contextos, lo que invita a visualizar desde una perspectiva más amplia el propósito del quehacer disciplinar y profesional, abriendo una mirada introspectiva que permita comprender, que el ejercicio de la enfermería desde lo cotidiano, perpetúa lógicas de subordinación y poder tanto en la atención directa como en los equipos de trabajo.This essay invites to a reflection, from the Foucauldian perspective, about the viewpoint of nursing-care delivery and teaching to future professionals, as well as the analysis of the relations of power in nursing and the link with people “caring objects” from a bioethical point of view. The methodology includes texts analysis from a Foucauldian perspective in health, a retrospective view about the experiences of professionals nurses and the installation of mechanism of power in nursing. Sources related to nursing history and the professional formation with emphasis on professor/student and nurse/patient relationship were analyzed. Bioethical aspects and professional contexts were compared. Currently nurses have normalized the existence of control mechanism within the direct attention of people and their care, which is transferred to the formation of nurses. Nowadays, nursing thoughts have been expanded, become independent and adapted to different contexts. This invites to use a broader perspective to observe the purpose of the discipline and the profession of nursing, using an introspective view that allows to understand that the nursing practice perpetuates subordination and power in both direct care teams and work teams.Este tema tem como objetivos reflexionar desde a perspectiva foucaultiana, o cuidado que se entrega e se ensina a os futuros professionais e analizar as relações de poder em o ámbito da enfermería e o vínculo com as pessoas “objetos de cuidado” desde um enfoque bioético. A metodología incorpora um análises de textos desde a perspectiva foucaultiana em saúde, uma olhada retrospectiva sobre experiências professionais e a instalação de dispositivos de poder em enfermería. Se analizam fontes relacionadas com a história da enfermaría e da formação professional com énfases em as relacões professores/estudantes e enfermeros/pacientes. Se contrastam aspectos bioéticos e contextos professionais. A enfermería ha normalizado a instalação de lógicas de controle em a atenção direta de pessoas e em o cuidado, do qual se transfere a formação de enfermeiras e enfermeiros. Atualmente, o pensamento de enfermaría se ha ampliado, independizado e adaptado a os contextos, o que convidam a visualizar desde uma perspectiva mais ampla o proposto de que fazer disciplinar e professional, abrindo uma nova forma de observar, a introspectiva que permita compreender, que o exercício da enfermería desde o cotidiano, perpetue lógicas de subordinação e poder tanto em a atenção direta como em as equipes de trabalhos

Analysis of factors that provoke lack of motivation in eighth grade students in English Subject at Masatepe Institute during the second semester 2010

Nowadays, it is necessary to learn English , because you increase your knowledge that permits you new opportunities in our country as well as around the world. The more educated one , is the more proficient and competitive. The Nicaraguan educational system has many deficiencies which do not allow students to have a good learning process. One of the main factors that provoke students fail is the lack of good didactic material (workbooks, text books) , classroom conditions, the large number of students in the classroom that do not permit individual attention for the student. Another element is that English is taught only in secondary and with a frequency of three hours per week, so the students do not have a base from their early years. Teaching English is a hard task for the teachers because they have to find out different activities that help the students to improve English and mainly to motivate the students to learn and to study English as a second language

Potential Therapeutic Effects of the Neural Stem Cell-Targeting Antibody Nilo1 in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most devastating and least treatable brain tumor with median survivalPeer reviewe

Síndrome de Sturge Weber, triada clasica desde un enfoque genético, molecular y fisiopatológico: Sturge Weber syndrome, classic triad from a genetic, molecular and physiological approach

Sturge Weber syndrome (SSW) is characterized by the classic involvement of sporadic neuro-oculo-cutaneous vascular malformations, the pathophysiology of which to date has not been fully elucidated.The discovery of both an arterial and venous molecular profile in the endothelium present in vascular malformations, together with vascular atresia zones distal to the ectatic zones, have led to questioning the embryological theories put forward for decades, to explore the molecular and genetic characteristics in the affected tissue. Currently, a high prevalence of somatic mutation in the GNAQ gene has been reported in the affected tissues of patients with SSW, which encodes an alpha subunit of a Gq protein, whose signaling cascade stimulates cell proliferation, which may be responsible of the sustained growth of malformations in the three mentioned regions. The present study aims to explain the classic clinical manifestations of SSW from a genetic, molecular and pathophysiological perspective.El síndrome de Sturge Weber (SSW) se caracteriza por el compromiso clásico de malformaciones vasculares neurooculocutáneas esporádicas, cuya fisiopatología hasta la fecha no se ha podido dilucidar del todo. El descubrimiento de un perfil molecular tanto arterial como venoso en el endotelio presente en las malformaciones vasculares aunado a zonas de atresia vascular distales a las zonas ectasicas, han llevado a cuestionar las teorías embriológicas planteadas desde hace décadas, para explorar las características moleculares y genéticas en el tejido afectado. A la actualidad se ha reportado una elevada prevalencia de la mutación somática en el gen GNAQ en los tejidos afectados de los pacientes con SSW el cual codifica una subunidad alfa de una proteína Gq, cuya cascada de señalización estimula la proliferación celular, pudiendo esta ser responsable del crecimiento sostenido de las malformaciones de las tres regiones mencionadas. El presente estudio se propone a explicar las manifestaciones clínicas clásicas del SSW desde un enfoque genético, molecular y fisiopatológico

Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria un biomarcador inflamatorio relacionado a retinopatía diabética proliferativa: Red blood cell distribution width an inflammatory biomarker related to proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between Red Blood cell Distribution width and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study. Adult patients (≥ 18 years old) with the diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy who underwent medical check-ups at the ophthalmology department where enrolled in our study. We selected a total sample size of 262 patients, of which 131 cases had Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and 131 controls had Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Data about age, gender, body mass index, history of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, Congestive heart failure, Hemoglobin and HbA1c were registered for individuals who met inclusion criteria. Odds ratio model was used to test the relationship between Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Results: Mean Red Blood cell Distribution width +/- SD of the cases was 14.41+/-0.84 and the controls was 13.49+/-1.26. According to bivariate analysis, an association was found between Red Blood cell Distribution width and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (OR 3.79, P=0.000, IC=2.12-6.78). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that Red Blood cell Distribution width (OR 2.15, P=0.037, IC= 1.05-4.43) was an independent risk factors for the development of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Conclusion: Elevated values of Red Blood cell Distribution width were related to Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy, suggesting the potential application of Red Blood cell Distribution width as an accessible predictive biomarker of disease progression in patients with diabetic retinopathy.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el ancho de distribución de glóbulos rojos y la retinopatía diabética proliferativa en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio de casos y controles en un hospital. Pacientes adultos (≥ 18 años) con diagnóstico de Retinopatía Diabética que fueron sometidos a controles médicos en el servicio de Oftalmología donde se inscribieron en nuestro estudio. Seleccionamos un tamaño de muestra total de 262 pacientes, de los cuales 131 casos tenían retinopatía diabética proliferativa y 131 controles tenían retinopatía diabética no proliferativa. Se registraron datos sobre edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, antecedentes de hipertensión, nefropatía diabética, insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, hemoglobina y HbA1c para las personas que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizó un modelo de razón de probabilidades para probar la relación entre el ancho de distribución de glóbulos rojos y la retinopatía diabética proliferativa. Resultados: El ancho medio de distribución de glóbulos rojos +/- DE de los casos fue 14,41 +/- 0,84 y los controles fue 13,49 +/- 1,26. De acuerdo con el análisis bivariado, se encontró una asociación entre el ancho de distribución de los glóbulos rojos y la retinopatía diabética proliferativa (OR 3,79, P = 0,000, IC = 2,12-6,78). El análisis de regresión logística multivariante indicó que el ancho de distribución de glóbulos rojos (OR 2,15, P = 0,037, IC = 1,05-4,43) era un factor de riesgo independiente para el desarrollo de retinopatía diabética proliferativa. Conclusión: Los valores elevados del ancho de distribución de glóbulos rojos se relacionaron con la retinopatía diabética proliferativa, lo que sugiere la posible aplicación del ancho de distribución de glóbulos rojos como un biomarcador predictivo accesible de la progresión de la enfermedad en pacientes con retinopatía diabética

Nivel de desempeño de los docentes en las I.E. JEC – Baños del Inca, en el año 2019

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como propósito principal determinar el Nivel de Desempeño de los docentes de las I.E. JEC del distrito de Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, el estudio tiene como sustento teórico a Chiavenato (2011) y Maslow (1954). El tipo de Investigación fue descriptiva, con diseño no experimental, transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por 27 docentes, por lo que es considerada finita, y no fue necesario seleccionar una muestra, por lo que se aplicó un censo poblacional. Se diseñó un instrumento, tipo escala Likert el cual fue sometido a validación por expertos; este instrumento nos permitió conocer el nivel de desempeño de los trabajadores en base a tres dimensiones Desempeño de la Función, Características Individuales, Evaluación Complementaria. Para la obtención de información se aplicó el censo a todos los docentes (27) de la Institución Educativa. Las conclusiones a las que se llegó mediante este estudio muestran que los trabajadores de las I.E JEC- Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, se encuentran en un nivel más que satisfactorio con respecto a su desempeño. PALABRAS CLAVE: Desempeño, Instituciones Educativas de Jornada Escolar Completa (JEC), Docentes.ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is the Performance Level of teachers Educational Institution JEC in the district of Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, the study has as its theoretical support Chiavenato (2011) and Maslow (1954). The type of research was descriptive, with a non-experimental, transversal design. The population is composed of 27 teachers, so it is considered finite, and it was not necessary to select a sample, so a population census was applied. An instrument was designed, Likert scale type which was submitted to validation by experts; This instrument allowed us to know the level of performance of workers based on three dimensions Performance of the Function, Individual Characteristics, Complementary Evaluation To obtain information, the census was applied to all teachers (27) of the Educational Institution The conclusions reached through this study show that the workers of I.E JEC - Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, are at a more than satisfactory level with respect to their performance. KEYWORDS: Performance, Educational Institution of the Full School Day (FSD),Teachers

Influencia de la motivación del personal (FOH) en la rentabilidad económica del restaurant TGI fridays Trujillo – La Libertad

RESUMEN La tesis titulada “Influencia de la motivación del personal (FOH) en la rentabilidad económica del restaurant TGI Fridays Trujillo – La Libertad”, tuvo como objetivo general: Describir, de qué forma la motivación del personal (FOH) influye en la rentabilidad económica del restaurant TGI Fridays - Trujillo 2017. Así mismo, se formuló la siguiente hipótesis: La relación entre la motivación del personal (FOH) y la rentabilidad económica del restaurant TGI Fridays Trujillo – La Libertad, en el primer semestre del presente año 2017, es directa y moderada. Para el efecto se seleccionó un diseño descriptivo Ex post facto, y utilizando dos instrumentos: Ficha de Encuesta y Guía de Entrevista para el personal seleccionado en el estudio, se obtuvieron las siguientes conclusiones: El nivel de motivación, en el personal (FOH) del restaurante TGI Fridays – Trujillo, durante el primer semestre del presente año 2017, fue Muy bueno. El promedio de clientes del restaurante TGI Fridays durante el primer semestre del presente año 2017, fue: 6 133. El promedio de ventas del restaurante TGI Fridays durante el primer semestre del presente año 2017, fue 182 333 soles. El promedio de utilidades netas del restaurante TGI Fridays, durante el primer semestre del presente año 2017, fue 18 650 soles. Como se puede aprecia, el resultado esperado fue que hubiera una relación directa y positiva entre las variables, sin embargo, ha sido todo lo contrario, por lo que nos atrevemos a recomendar algunas acciones que debería llevar adelante el Directorio o los gerentes a cargo de la empresa que sostiene el restaurant TGI Fridays. PALABRAS CLAVE: bartender, ex post facto, TGI, FOH, TGI fridays, rentabilidad económica.ABSTRACT The thesis entitled "Influence of staff motivation (FOH) on the economic profitability of TGI Fridays Trujillo - La Libertad", had as its general objective: To describe, in what way staff motivation (FOH) influences the economic profitability of the Restaurant TGI Fridays - Trujillo 2017. Likewise, the following hypothesis was formulated: The relationship between staff motivation (FOH) and the economic profitability of TGI Fridays Trujillo - La Libertad restaurant, in the first half of this year 2017, is direct And moderate. For this purpose, a descriptive design was selected Ex post facto, and using two instruments: Survey Sheet and Interview Guide for the personnel selected in the study, the following conclusions were obtained: The level of motivation in the staff (FOH) of the TGI Fridays restaurant – Trujillo, during the first half of this year 2017, was very good. The TGI Fridays restaurant’s average customer base during the first half of this year 2017 was: 6 133. The average sales of the TGI Fridays restaurant during the first half of this year 2017 was 182,333 soles. The average net profit of the TGI Fridays restaurant during the first half of this year 2017 was 18 650 soles. As you can see, the expected result was that there was a direct and positive relationship between ls variables, however, it has been the opposite, so we dare to recommend some actions that should be carried out by the Board or the managers in charge of The company that supports TGI Fridays. KEYWORDS: bartender, ex post fact, TGI, FOH, TGI fridays, economic profitability