« Travail précaire », « précarité »

To conclude this issue of Emulations, Patrick Cingolani tries to link together the two spheres of meaning covered, in its widest sense, by the notion of precariousness as it has been enriched by its international circulation: the struggles entailed by labor deprived of rights and the community experiences. He envisions the horizons opened up by insecurity and precariousness to "rethink forms of solidarity" today. The author thus transforms the polysemy of the semantic and intellectual field of precariousness into a tool carrying new ambitions as well as desires emancipated from those imposed by capitalism, a tool through which one can experience ways of doing and of thinking. It is precisely in the thickness of margins, situations, conditions and claims related to by precariousness that authors and actors have found material and the heuristic energy capable of bringing us out of the bewitchment of capitalism and the helplessness in the face of future collapses.Pour conclure ce dossier, Patrick Cingolani, essaie de penser ensemble les deux univers de sens que recouvre, dans son acception la plus large, la notion de précarité telle qu’elle a été enrichie par la circulation internationale : les luttes d’un travail privé de ses droits et les expérimentations communautaires. Il envisage les horizons qu’ouvrent la précarité et les précaires pour « repenser les solidarités » aujourd’hui. L’auteur fait ainsi de la polysémie du champ sémantique et intellectuel de la précarité un outil porteur de nouvelles ambitions ainsi que de désirs émancipés de ceux que le capitalisme impose, un outil à travers lequel on peut expérimenter des manières de faire, de penser et de se penser. C’est précisément dans l’épaisseur des marges, des situations, des conditions et des revendications liées à la précarité qu’auteur·e·s et acteurs·trices ont trouvé de la matière et de l’énergie heuristique à même de nous sortir de l’ensorcellement du capitalisme et de la sidération impuissante devant les effondrements à venir

PLATAFORMAS, HEGEMONIA DAS NORMAS NEOLIBERAIS E RECONFIGURAÇÃO DAS LUTAS PELA REAPROPRIAÇÃO SOCIAL

This paper shows how the ‘platform’ is a step in theconstructivist project of contemporary capitalism,whilst recalling its entry in the history of precariouswork and labor flexibilization, addressing twoaspects of their functioning: how platforms continuethe process of worker subjugation to demand;and how they expand this subsumption projectvia the commercial colonization of vernacularspheres or those based on reciprocity. Finally, thearticle questions the struggles for reappropriatingdata or support and for alternative productive orcreative forms of socialization to the neoliberalconstructivist model.Cet article montre comment le dispositif appelé‘plateforme’ constitue une étape dans le projetconstructiviste du capitalisme contemporain, touten rappelant son insertion dans l’histoire du travailprécaire et de la flexibilisation du travail, en abordantdeux aspects de leur fonctionnement: la manièredont les plateformes poursuivent le processus desoumission des travailleurs à la demande; et lamanière dont elles étendent ce projet de subsomption par la colonisation commerciale des sphères vernaculaires ou basées sur la réciprocité. Enfin, l’article interroge les luttes pour la réappropriation des données ou du support et pour des formes de socialisation alternatives (productives ou créatives) au modèle constructiviste néolibéral.O objetivo do artigo é mostrar como o dispositivo denominado “plataforma” é um momento do projeto construtivista do capitalismo contemporâneo. Ao mesmo tempo, relembra a inserção das plataformas na história do trabalho precário e da flexibilização da mão de obra, abordando principalmente dois aspectos do funcionamento destas: a forma como as plataformas dão continuidade ao processo de sujeição do trabalhador à demanda; a forma como ampliam esse projeto de subsunção por meio da colonização comercial de esferas vernaculares ou esferas constituídas, até então, com base na reciprocidade. Ao final desse percurso, o artigo questiona as lutas pela reapropriação de dados ou de suporte e por formas de socialização produtiva ou criativa alternativas ao modelo construtivista neoliberal

La idea de Precariedad en la Sociología Francesa

Issues concerning precarity seem to be increasingly relevant. This article proposes to revisit the three main meaningsof words precarious and precarity in the 80s in France. Through this retrospective, which runs from precarious workandprecarity, through precarious, it will be developed the categories belonging to militant labor history and thehistory of sociology,in especially not losing any sense.Las cuestiones relativas a la precariedad parecen ser cada vez más relevantes. El artículo propone analizar tres grandes acepciones de las palabras precarios y precariedad en los años ’80 en Francia. A través de esta retrospectiva, que va del trabajo precario a la precariedad, pasando por los precarios, se trata de precisar categorías que pertenecen tanto a la historia sindical y militante como a la historia de la sociología, sin perder ninguno de los significados.El artículo arroja luz sobre las condiciones de producción de estas categorías en el contexto socio-histórico francés.También, intenta mostrar cómo éstas reflejan la actualidad explicando las nuevas formas de desregulación del trabajo y de ajustes hacia el trabajador describiendo nuevas situaciones de pobreza, pero también quizá diseñando alternativas

La institución de lo común: ¿un principio revolucionario para el siglo XXI?

En Común. Ensayo sobre la revolución en el siglo XXI (2015), el filósofo Pierre Dardot y el sociólogo Christian Laval definen el principio de lo común como una actividad experimental e instituyente de autogobierno, profundamente democrática, capaz de crear dinámicas sociales, políticas y económicas opuestas a la racionalidad neoliberal. Previamente, habían estudiado esta racionalidad, en términos de gubernamentalidad, en La nueva razón del mundo. Ensayo sobre la sociedad neoliberal (2013), y ..

Correction: Exome Sequencing in an Admixed Isolated Population IndicatesNFXL1 Variants Confer a Risk for Specific Language Impairment

Children affected by Specific Language Impairment (SLI) fail to acquire age appropriate language skills despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. SLI is highly heritable, but the understanding of underlying genetic mechanisms has proved challenging. In this study, we use molecular genetic techniques to investigate an admixed isolated founder population from the Robinson Crusoe Island (Chile), who are affected by a high incidence of SLI, increasing the power to discover contributory genetic factors. We utilize exome sequencing in selected individuals from this population to identify eight coding variants that are of putative significance. We then apply association analyses across the wider population to highlight a single rare coding variant (rs144169475, Minor Allele Frequency of 4.1% in admixed South American populations) in the NFXL1 gene that confers a nonsynonymous change (N150K) and is significantly associated with language impairment in the Robinson Crusoe population (p = 2.04 × 10–4, 8 variants tested). Subsequent sequencing of NFXL1 in 117 UK SLI cases identified four individuals with heterozygous variants predicted to be of functional consequence. We conclude that coding variants within NFXL1 confer an increased risk of SLI within a complex genetic model

Deleterious ABCA7 mutations and transcript rescue mechanisms in early onset Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract: Premature termination codon (PTC) mutations in the ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family A, Member 7 gene (ABCA7) have recently been identified as intermediate-to-high penetrant risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). High variability, however, is observed in downstream ABCA7 mRNA and protein expression, disease penetrance, and onset age, indicative of unknown modifying factors. Here, we investigated the prevalence and disease penetrance of ABCA7 PTC mutations in a large early onset AD (EOAD)-control cohort, and examined the effect on transcript level with comprehensive third-generation long-read sequencing. We characterized the ABCA7 coding sequence with next-generation sequencing in 928 EOAD patients and 980 matched control individuals. With MetaSKAT rare variant association analysis, we observed a fivefold enrichment (p = 0.0004) of PTC mutations in EOAD patients (3%) versus controls (0.6%). Ten novel PTC mutations were only observed in patients, and PTC mutation carriers in general had an increased familial AD load. In addition, we observed nominal risk reducing trends for three common coding variants. Seven PTC mutations were further analyzed using targeted long-read cDNA sequencing on an Oxford Nanopore MinION platform. PTC-containing transcripts for each investigated PTC mutation were observed at varying proportion (5-41% of the total read count), implying incomplete nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Furthermore, we distinguished and phased several previously unknown alternative splicing events (up to 30% of transcripts). In conjunction with PTC mutations, several of these novel ABCA7 isoforms have the potential to rescue deleterious PTC effects. In conclusion, ABCA7 PTC mutations play a substantial role in EOAD, warranting genetic screening of ABCA7 in genetically unexplained patients. Long-read cDNA sequencing revealed both varying degrees of NMD and transcript-modifying events, which may influence ABCA7 dosage, disease severity, and may create opportunities for therapeutic interventions in AD

NEK1 variants confer susceptibility to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

To identify genetic factors contributing to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we conducted whole-exome analyses of 1,022 index familial ALS (FALS) cases and 7,315 controls. In a new screening strategy, we performed gene-burden analyses trained with established ALS genes and identified a significant association between loss-of-function (LOF) NEK1 variants and FALS risk. Independently, autozygosity mapping for an isolated community in the Netherlands identified a NEK1 p.Arg261His variant as a candidate risk factor. Replication analyses of sporadic ALS (SALS) cases and independent control cohorts confirmed significant disease association for both p.Arg261His (10,589 samples analyzed) and NEK1 LOF variants (3,362 samples analyzed). In total, we observed NEK1 risk variants in nearly 3% of ALS cases. NEK1 has been linked to several cellular functions, including cilia formation, DNA-damage response, microtubule stability, neuronal morphology and axonal polarity. Our results provide new and important insights into ALS etiopathogenesis and genetic etiology