Inagawa Cemetery chapel and visitor centre

https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bcs/1354/thumbnail.jp

Multivariate Random Effect Models with complete and incomplete data

This paper considers the problem of estimating fixed effects, random effects and variance components for the multi-variate random effects model with complete and incomplete data. It also considers making inference about the fixed and random effects, a problem which requires careful consideration of the choice of degrees of freedom to use in confidence intervals. This paper uses the EM algorithm to maximise the hierachical likelihood (HL). The HL estimates are often the same as the REML and Bayesian-justified estimates in Shah, Laird, and Schoenfeld (1997). A key benefit of the h-likelihood approach is its simplicity- it doesn’t require integrating over the random effects or use of priors for its justification. Another benefit is that all inference can be made within a single framework. Extensive simulations show: that the h-likelihood approach is significantly more accurate than the well-known ANOVA approach; the h-likelihood approach often recovers a lot of the information lost through missing data; the h-likelihood approach has good coverage properties for fixed and random effects that are estimated using small samples

Effects of stratosphere-troposphere chemistry coupling on tropospheric ozone

A new, computationally efficient coupled stratosphere-troposphere chemistry-climate model (S/T-CCM) has been developed based on three well-documented components: a 64-level general circulation model from the UK Met Office Unified Model, the tropospheric chemistry transport model (STOCHEM), and the UMSLIMCAT stratospheric chemistry module. This newly developed S/T-CCM has been evaluated with various observations, and it shows good performance in simulating important chemical species and their interdependence in both the troposphere and stratosphere. The modeled total column ozone agrees well with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer observations. Modeled ozone profiles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are significantly improved compared to runs with the stratospheric chemistry and tropospheric chemistry models alone, and they are in good agreement with Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding satellite ozone profiles. The observed CO tape recorder is also successfully captured by the new CCM, and ozone-CO correlations are in accordance with Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment observations. However, because of limitations in vertical resolution, intrusion of CO-rich air in the stratosphere from the mesosphere could not be simulated in the current version of S/T-CCM. Additionally, the simulated stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone flux, which controls upper tropospheric OH and O3 concentrations, is found to be more realistic in the new coupled model compared to STOCHEM. © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union

Remodelación del Paseo del Óvalo, la Escalinata y su entorno

Descripció del projecte. S’han de destacar les innovacions i aportacions a l’avanç del coneixement que incorpora el projecte. Es poden incorporar memòries, plànols, fotografies, esbossos, etc. També l’adreça web si s’ha penjat més informació sobre el projecte a la web. INTERVENCIÓN EN TERUEL Remodelación de la Escalinata, el Paseo del Ovalo y su entorno Teruel Concurso Internacional - Proyecto Ganador En colaboración con David Chipperfield Architects Ubicación: Plaza de la Estación, Paseo del Ovalo. Teruel Concurso: 2000 Ejecución: 2001-2003 Premio Europeo del Espacio Público Urbano- CCCB Premio Nacional 2004. Ciudades Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Ministerio de Cultura El proyecto desarrolla una parte de la propuesta ganadora presentada por David Chipperfield Architects-b720 arquitectos en el concurso internacional convocado por la Diputación General de Aragón para transformar el frente urbano de la ciudad de Teruel y mejorar las condiciones de accesibilidad al centro histórico desde la nueva Estación de ferrocarril. La intervención inicial abarcaba una amplia zona que comprendía la reutilización de los terrenos ferroviarios anexos a la estación, la remodelación de la Plaza de la Estación junto con la restauración de la Escalinata neomudéjar, y la reforma del Paseo del Óvalo y la Plaza de la Glorieta con la creación de un aparcamiento subterráneo. De esta ambiciosa intervención la fase ejecutada contempla la remodelación y conexión de la Plaza de la Estación con el centro histórico y la reforma del Paseo del Óvalo, dejando para una segunda fase la futura actuación en la Plaza de la Glorieta. La intervención en el espacio de llegada desde la estación ha consistido en valorar la Escalinata neomudéjar. Esta gran escalera consigue con éxito crear un fuerte vínculo físico entre el espacio inferior y el Paseo del Óvalo. La propuesta consiste básicamente en la creación de una gran plaza pavimentada sobre la que se asienta el monumento poniéndolo en valor y reforzando sus cualidades. Por otra parte, la cualidad del Óvalo como gran balcón urbano podría alterarse si se interviniera en el muro sobre el que se apoya la gran escalera, interrumpiendo la continuidad de su borde. La propuesta para el nuevo acceso se sitúa a un lado con una intervención mínima evitando entrar en competencia con la Escalinata. Un sendero de piedra blanca aparentemente dispuesto sobre la Plaza como una alfombra arranca del mismo punto que los primeros tramos de la Escalinata frente a la Estación. Al viajero llegado en tren se le ofrece una alternativa: remontar la escalera o bien recorrer una cinta de dos metros y medio de ancho y ciento veinte metros de largo. Este camino en suave pendiente conduce a una cavidad que se abre en la muralla. Excavada en el basamento pétreo de la ciudad, es como una cueva que conduce a un pozo de luz natural. Un gran hueco abocinado tensa el espacio de acceso hasta descubrir la columna de luz proveniente de la caja transparente superior que conforma el edículo superior de llegada de los ascensores que transportan al visitante hasta el Paseo del Óvalo. Un largo recorrido horizontal y un breve recorrido vertical sintetizan el tránsito desde la estación hasta el Óvalo. La intervención el Paseo del Óvalo ha consistido en devolver al espacio su cualidad de salón urbano con un uso casi exclusivamente peatonal mediante la unificación del pavimento con el mismo adoquinado de piedra utilizado en la Plaza de la Estación, la supresión del desordenado estacionamiento de vehículos y la disposición de nuevo arbolado y mobiliario urbano. Se ha prestado especial atención a la iluminación dispuesta en el pretil del muro, en las balizas que limitan la zona de tráfico rodado, la parte inferior de los de los bancos de piedra y la fachada del Paseo. Plaça de la Estació Vista accés ascensor des de la Plaça de la Estación Planta general intervenció Secció per ascensor Secció per Paseo del Ovalo. Detall paviment

Intercomparison and Evaluation of Satellite Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Observations in the Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important chemical species in the troposphere as it aids the long-range transport of NOx and subsequent formation of O3 in relatively clean remote regions. Over the past few decades observations from aircraft campaigns and surface sites have been used to better understand the regional distribution of PAN. However, recent measurements made by satellites allow for a global assessment of PAN in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS). In this study, we investigate global PAN distributions from two independent retrieval methodologies, based on measurements from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument, on board Envisat from the Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester (UoL). Retrieving PAN from MIPAS is challenging due to the weak signal in the measurements and contamination from other species. Therefore, we compare the two MIPAS datasets with observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS), in situ aircraft data and the 3-D chemical transport model TOMCAT. MIPAS shows peak UTLS PAN concentrations over the biomass burning regions (e.g. ranging from 150 to \u3e 200 pptv at 150 hPa) and during the summertime Asian monsoon as enhanced convection aids the vertical transport of PAN from the lower atmosphere. At 150 hPa, we find significant differences between the two MIPAS datasets in the tropics, where IMK PAN concentrations are larger by 50-100 pptv. Comparisons between MIPAS and ACE-FTS show better agreement with the UoL MIPAS PAN concentrations at 200 hPa, but with mixed results above this altitude. TOMCAT generally captures the magnitude and structure of climatological aircraft PAN profiles within the observational variability allowing it to be used to investigate the MIPAS PAN differences. TOMCAT-MIPAS comparisons show that the model is both positively (UoL) and negatively (IMK) biased against the satellite products. These results indicate that satellite PAN observations are able to detect realistic spatial variations in PAN in the UTLS, but further work is needed to resolve differences in existing retrievals to allow quantitative use of the products. © Author(s) 2016

Climate change projections and stratosphere–troposphere interaction

Climate change is expected to increase winter rainfall and flooding in many extratropical regions as evaporation and precipitation rates increase, storms become more intense and storm tracks move polewards. Here, we show how changes in stratospheric circulation could play a significant role in future climate change in the extratropics through an additional shift in the tropospheric circulation. This shift in the circulation alters climate change in regional winter rainfall by an amount large enough to significantly alter regional climate change projections. The changes are consistent with changes in stratospheric winds inducing a change in the baroclinic eddy growth rate across the depth of the troposphere. A change in mean wind structure and an equatorward shift of the tropospheric storm tracks relative to models with poor stratospheric resolution allows coupling with surface climate. Using the Atlantic storm track as an example, we show how this can double the predicted increase in extreme winter rainfall over Western and Central Europe compared to other current climate projection

Level 2 processor and auxiliary data for ESA Version 8 final full mission analysis of MIPAS measurements on ENVISAT

High quality long-term data sets of altitude-resolved measurements of the atmospheric composition are important because they can be used both to study the evolution of the atmosphere and as a benchmark for future missions. For the final ESA reprocessing of MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) on ENVISAT (ENViromental SATellite) data, numerous improvements were implemented in the Level 2 (L2) processor Optimised Retrieval Model (ORM) version 8.22 (V8) and its auxiliary data. The implemented changes involve all aspects of the processing chain, from the modelling of the measurements with the handling of the horizontal inhomogeneities along the line of sight to the use of the optimal estimation technique to retrieve the minor species, from a more sensitive approach to detecting the spectra affected by clouds to a refined method for identifying low quality products. Improvements in the modelling of the measurements were also obtained with an update of the used spectroscopic data and of the databases providing the a priori knowledge of the atmosphere. The HITRAN_mipas_pf4.45 spectroscopic database was finalised with new spectroscopic data verified with MIPAS measurements themselves, while recently measured cross-sections were used for the heavy molecules. The Level 2 Initial Guess (IG2) data set, containing the climatology used by the MIPAS L2 processor to generate the initial guess and interfering species profiles when the retrieved profiles from previous scans are not available, was improved taking into account the diurnal variation of the profiles defined using climatologies from both measurements and models. Horizontal gradients were generated using the ECMWF ERA-Interim data closest in time and space to the MIPAS data. Further improvements in the L2 V8 products derived from the use of the L1b V8 products, which were upgraded to reduce the instrumental temporal drift and to handle the abrupt changes in the calibration gain. The improvements introduced into the ORM V8 L2 processor and its upgraded auxiliary data, together with the use of the L1b V8 products, lead to the generation of the MIPAS L2 V8 products, which are characterised by an increased accuracy, better temporal stability and a greater number of retrieved species

Level 2 processor and auxiliary data for ESA Version 8 final full mission analysis of MIPAS measurements on ENVISAT

High quality long-term data sets of altitude-resolved measurements of the atmospheric composition are important because they can be used both to study the evolution of the atmosphere and as a benchmark for future missions. For the final ESA reprocessing of MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) on ENVISAT (ENViromental SATellite) data, numerous improvements were implemented in the Level 2 (L2) processor Optimised Retrieval Model (ORM) version 8.22 (V8) and its auxiliary data. The implemented changes involve all aspects of the processing chain, from the modelling of the measurements with the handling of the horizontal inhomogeneities along the line of sight to the use of the optimal estimation technique to retrieve the minor species, from a more sensitive approach to detecting the spectra affected by clouds to a refined method for identifying low quality products. Improvements in the modelling of the measurements were also obtained with an update of the used spectroscopic data and of the databases providing the a priori knowledge of the atmosphere. The HITRAN_mipas_pf4.45 spectroscopic database was finalised with new spectroscopic data verified with MIPAS measurements themselves, while recently measured cross-sections were used for the heavy molecules. The Level 2 Initial Guess (IG2) data set, containing the climatology used by the MIPAS L2 processor to generate the initial guess and interfering species profiles when the retrieved profiles from previous scans are not available, was improved taking into account the diurnal variation of the profiles defined using climatologies from both measurements and models. Horizontal gradients were generated using the ECMWF ERA-Interim data closest in time and space to the MIPAS data. Further improvements in the L2 V8 products derived from the use of the L1b V8 products, which were upgraded to reduce the instrumental temporal drift and to handle the abrupt changes in the calibration gain. The improvements introduced into the ORM V8 L2 processor and its upgraded auxiliary data, together with the use of the L1b V8 products, lead to the generation of the MIPAS L2 V8 products, which are characterised by an increased accuracy, better temporal stability and a greater number of retrieved species