The current nature of intra-regional trade in the proposed tripartite free trade area

This thesis examines and analyses the current nature of intra-regional trade between member states of the proposed Tripartite Free Trade Area in order to contribute to an understanding of the potential for intra-regional trade within the region to increase. Trade Complementarity Indexes were used to determine how well the structures of the three founding blocs’ major imports and exports match. The results show that there is a high degree of trade complementarity in the trade of the top 5 major products traded between the regional groups. With the proposed TFTA in place, high trade complementarity could lead to increased trade between the regional groups. Trade Intensity Indexes were used to determine how intensively the three founding blocs trade with one another. Results from the indexes help determine the extent to which the blocs currently view each other as important trading partners and the implications of this for the proposed TFTA. Results show that EAC and SADC as well as EAC and COMESA viewed each other as significant trading partners while SADC and COMESA did not for the majority of the years from 2001 to 2018. With the TFTA in place, intra-regional trade could be strengthened among the members who currently trade intensively because tariffs between them would be progressively eliminated as required by the TFTA Agreement. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indexes were used to gain insights on whether member states have any comparative advantage in their top 5 exports. Results from the indexes were used to determine whether member states have comparative advantage in similar or dissimilar major exports and the implications of this for the proposed TFTA. Results show that member states have revealed comparative advantage in similar products and these products present opportunities for joint-production among member states as well as sectors for product development once the proposed TFTA is in place. Revealed Trade Barrier Indexes were used to gain insights into the extent of ease of market access into each regional bloc’s market. Results from the indexes indicate whether major products imported from each other receive possibly discriminatory or preferential treatment. The results indicate that the majority of the top 5 imports sourced from each region receive preferential treatment. This indicates that there is ease of market access for the top 5 imports sourced from each other and this could promote increased intra-regional trade among member states in these product categories because tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade will be progressively eliminated once the TFTA is in place

Real-time Malaria Parasite Screening in Thick Blood Smears for Low-Resource Setting

Malaria is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world. Early diagnosis and prompt effective treatment are required to avoid anemia, organ failure, and malaria-associated deaths. Microscopic analysis of blood samples is the preferred method for diagnosis. However, manual microscopic examination is very laborious and requires skilled health personnel of which there is a critical shortage in the developing world such as in sub-Saharan Africa. Critical shortages of trained health personnel and the inability to cope with the workload to examine malaria slides are among the main limitations of malaria microscopy especially in low-resource and high disease burden areas. We present a low-cost alternative and complementary solution for rapid malaria screening for low resource settings to potentially reduce the dependence on manual microscopic examination. We develop an image processing pipeline using a modified YOLOv3 detection algorithm to run in real time on low-cost devices. We test the performance of our solution on two datasets. In the dataset collected using a microscope camera, our model achieved 99.07% accuracy and 97.46% accuracy on the dataset collected using a mobile phone camera. While the mean average precision of our model is on par with human experts at an object level, we are several orders of magnitude faster than human experts as we can detect parasites in images as well as videos in real time