Waste and garbage from ships. Rates and fees

RESUMEN: Está muy a la orden del día hablar sobre contaminación ambiental, ya sea atmosférica, marina, hídrica… y es muy complejo hablar de ello y desarrollarlo de una manera veraz y honesta, por ello, trataremos un tema en concreto, referido a la contaminación marina con el objetivo de conocer cómo se gestionan los residuos y las leyes que nos encontramos a su paso. El presente trabajo de fin de grado muestra un estudio realizado sobre los desechos y basuras de los buques y la recepción y tarifas relacionadas con ello de las Autoridades Portuarias de España, con alguna mención europea e internacional. Para ello, hemos consultado algunas páginas oficiales y artículos establecidos en leyes, como el Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2011, DIRECTIVA UE 2019/883, MARPOL 73/78… Este estudio tiene como principal objetivo conocer los tipos de residuos que generan los buques y, con la ley en la mano, cuáles de ellos se pueden verter o no al mar y por qué. También es objetivo saber cómo cumple España con MARPOL 73/78 y los procedimientos que tienen las Autoridades Portuarias para la recogida y tratamiento de los residuos de los barcos. Se recogen los diferentes formularios de entrega de residuos que los buques deben facilitar a las instalaciones receptoras de los puertos en el punto 2.3 del documento. En cuanto al tráfico marítimo en España, se evalúan las cantidades en las 28 Autoridad Portuaria en los años 2020 y 2021 y las tasas de crecimiento, observando una tendencia al crecimiento y, por lo tanto, una mayor generación de basuras y residuos. Se explican, de manera resumida, los servicios portuarios establecidos en el Real Decreto 2/2011, y de manera más extensa el servicio de recepción de Desechos Generados por Buques. También nos interesa conocer las tarifas de recogido de dichas basuras, ya que esto podría condicionar la cantidad producida. En España existe una tarifa fija establecida, aplicable en todos los puertos nacionales. Por último, se tratan los mecanismos de control y sanciones por incumplimiento escritas en el Real Decreto 2/2011, con sus cifras pertinentes, y alguna nota de la Directiva Europea.ABSTRACT: It is very common to talk about environmental pollution, whether it is atmospheric, marine, water... and it is very complex to talk about it and develop it in a truthful and honest way, therefore, we will address a specific issue, referring to marine pollution with the aim of knowing how waste is managed and the laws that we find in its path. The present work of end of degree shows a study carried out on the waste and refuse of the ships and the reception and related tariffs of the Port Authorities of Spain, with some European and international mention. For this, we have consulted some official pages and articles established in laws, such as Royal Legislative Decree 2/2011, DIRECTIVE EU 2019/883, MARPOL 73/78... The main objective of this study is to find out the types of waste generated by ships and, with the law in hand, which of them can or cannot de dumbed into the sea and why. It is also objective to know how Spain complies with MARPOL 73/78 and the procedures that the Port Authorities have for the collection and treatment of waste from ships. The different waste delivery forms that ships must provide to port reception facilities are listed in point 2.3 of the document. Regarding the maritime traffic in Spain, the quantities in the 28 Port Authority in the years 2020 and 2021 and the growth rates are evaluated, observing a trend towards growth and, therefore, a greater generation of garbage and waste. The port services established in Royal Decree 2/2011 are explained in a summary manner, and the reception service for Ship-Generated Waste is explained more extensively. We are also interested in knowing the fees for collecting such garbage, as this could affect the quantity produced. In Spain there is an established fixed tariff, applicable in all national ports. Finally, the control mechanisms and penalties for non-compliance written in Royal Decree 2/2011, with their relevant figures are discussed.Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa

Improving green supply chain resilience through Blockchain innovation: A risk mitigation perspective

The increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies has brought to light the underlying technology known as Blockchain. This innovation is a decentralized information management system that allows for the recording of digital asset transactions without the need for institutional intermediaries. The potential of Blockchain to revolutionize the management of companies, particularly in the context of supply chain risk management, is immense due to the complex and vulnerable nature of the supply chain. This article aims to highlight the impact of the Blockchain on the risks observed in the Supply Chain by examining how this innovation can strengthen the resilience of these chains in times of increased threat and uncertainty. Our study, which utilizes a bibliometric analysis, highlights the role of Blockchain technology in mitigating various risks, including those related to fraud, errors, loss of information, and supply chain failure. It should be noted that the implementation of environmental supply chain practices requires the commitment and participation of all stakeholders involved in the supply chain, as well as favorable policies and incentives from governments and institutions to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices. The key features of Blockchain, including real-time transparency, traceability, and automated smart contract management, enable risk mitigation and contribute to the overall resilience of green supply chains

Molecular profiles of Quadriceps muscle in myostatin-null mice reveal PI3K and apoptotic pathways as myostatin targets

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, has been identified as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Inactivating mutations in the MSTN gene are responsible for the development of a hypermuscular phenotype. In this study, we performed transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to detect altered expression/abundance of genes and proteins. These differentially expressed genes and proteins may represent new molecular targets of MSTN and could be involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Transcriptomic analysis of the Quadriceps muscles of 5-week-old <it>MSTN</it>-null mice (n = 4) and their controls (n = 4) was carried out using microarray (human and murine oligonucleotide sequences) of 6,473 genes expressed in muscle. Proteomic profiles were analysed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. Comparison of the transcriptomic profiles revealed 192 up- and 245 down- regulated genes. Genes involved in the PI3K pathway, insulin/IGF pathway, carbohydrate metabolism and apoptosis regulation were up-regulated. Genes belonging to canonical Wnt, calcium signalling pathways and cytokine-receptor cytokine interaction were down-regulated. Comparison of the protein profiles revealed 20 up- and 18 down-regulated proteins spots. Knockout of the MSTN gene was associated with up-regulation of proteins involved in glycolytic shift of the muscles and down-regulation of proteins involved in oxidative energy metabolism. In addition, an increased abundance of survival/anti-apoptotic factors were observed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>All together, these results showed a differential expression of genes and proteins related to the muscle energy metabolism and cell survival/anti-apoptotic pathway (e.g. DJ-1, PINK1, 14-3-3ε protein, TCTP/GSK-3β). They revealed the PI3K and apoptotic pathways as MSTN targets and are in favour of a role of MSTN as a modulator of cell survival in vivo.</p

Gene expression profiling in sinonasal adenocarcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sinonasal adenocarcinomas are uncommon tumors which develop in the ethmoid sinus after exposure to wood dust. Although the etiology of these tumors is well defined, very little is known about their molecular basis and no diagnostic tool exists for their early detection in high-risk workers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To identify genes involved in this disease, we performed gene expression profiling using cancer-dedicated microarrays, on nine matched samples of sinonasal adenocarcinomas and non-tumor sinusal tissue. Microarray results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry on two additional sets of tumors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among the genes with significant differential expression we selected <it>LGALS4, ACS5, CLU, SRI and CCT5 </it>for further exploration. The overexpression of <it>LGALS4, ACS5, SRI</it>, <it>CCT5 </it>and the downregulation of <it>CLU </it>were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed for LGALS4 (Galectin 4), ACS5 (Acyl-CoA synthetase) and CLU (Clusterin) proteins: LGALS4 was highly up-regulated, particularly in the most differentiated tumors, while CLU was lost in all tumors. The expression of ACS5, was more heterogeneous and no correlation was observed with the tumor type.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Within our microarray study in sinonasal adenocarcinoma we identified two proteins, LGALS4 and CLU, that were significantly differentially expressed in tumors compared to normal tissue. A further evaluation on a new set of tissues, including precancerous stages and low grade tumors, is necessary to evaluate the possibility of using them as diagnostic markers.</p

Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass

Recent advances in our understanding of the biology of muscle, and how anabolic and catabolic stimuli interact to control muscle mass and function, have led to new interest in the pharmacological treatment of muscle wasting. Loss of muscle occurs as a consequence of several chronic diseases (cachexia) as well as normal aging (sarcopenia). Although many negative regulators [Atrogin-1, muscle ring finger-1, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), myostatin, etc.] have been proposed to enhance protein degradation during both sarcopenia and cachexia, the adaptation of mediators markedly differs among these conditions. Sarcopenic and cachectic muscles have been demonstrated to be abundant in myostatin- and apoptosis-linked molecules. The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is activated during many different types of cachexia (cancer cachexia, cardiac heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but not many mediators of the UPS change during sarcopenia. NF-κB signaling is activated in cachectic, but not in sarcopenic, muscle. Some studies have indicated a change of autophagic signaling during both sarcopenia and cachexia, but the adaptation remains to be elucidated. This review provides an overview of the adaptive changes in negative regulators of muscle mass in both sarcopenia and cachexia

Cibles moléculaires de la myostatine impliquées dans l'hypertrophie musculaire chez la souris et le bovin

Diplôme : Dr. d'UniversitéMuscle hypertrophy has been extensively studied in meat producing animals. It is generally due to an increase in the total number of fibres, especially, of fast glycolytic fibres and associated to lower collagen content and lower intramuscular fat level. This is favourable to high meat yield and greater tenderness but detrimental to meat flavour. In double-muscled (DM) cattle, a loss-of-function mutation in the myostatin gene (MSTN) is responsible for muscle hypertrophy. This member of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) superfamily negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass growth by controlling the number of fibres through its anti-proliferative activity, and the size of individual fibres. In order to get a thorough knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of myostatin action, my PhD thesis (2006-2009) aimed to identify myostatin targets of this growth factor that may be involved in the regulation of muscle hypertrophy. In a first part of this work, I analysed the proteomic and transcriptomic profiles in the muscle of MSTN-null mice and their control littermates (collaboration with J. Reecy, Iowa University, USA). Differential expression of genes and proteins, considered as putative molecular targets of MSTN inactivation, was confirmed by Western-blot and by qPCR. This study revealed an activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and a differential expression of genes and proteins involved in cell survival (increase in cell survival /anti-apoptotic factors) (Publication 1). In a second part of this work, I analysed the abundance of transcripts and/or proteins involved in the apoptosis (programmed cell death) pathway and quantified apoptotic nuclei by measuring the DNA fragmentation index in cross sections of the muscle. I showed a decrease of pro-apoptotic factor expression and of apoptotic nuclear index illustrating attenuation of muscle nuclei apoptosis in the context of MSTN inactivation (Publication 2). The third part of this work was the validation of mice data in DM cattle using reference techniques (Western-blot and qPCR). This study confirmed the existence of molecular signatures and mechanisms similar to those identified in mice (Publication 3). Altogether, the data presented here showed an increase of myonuclei survival and hence the size of nucleo-cytoplasmic domain, an important determinant for protein synthesis. This mechanism could contribute to muscular hypertrophy in animals which presented MSTN inactivation.La myostatine, un facteur de croissance de la superfamille des TGF-béta, régule négativement la croissance et la masse du muscle squelettique en contrôlant le nombre de fibres par son action anti-proliférative, et la croissance individuelle de chacune d'entre elles. Dans le but de compléter les connaissances sur ces mécanismes d'action, cette thèse (2006-2009) avait pour objectif d'identifier de nouvelles cibles moléculaires de la myostatine impliquées dans l'hypertrophie musculaire. Ce travail de thèse a révélé de nouvelles cibles de la myostatine, notamment une activation de la cascade PI3K/Akt, une expression différentielle des gènes et des protèines impliquées dans la régulation de la survie cellulaire. L'inhibition de l'apoptose des noyaux musculaires en l'absence de myostatins fonctionnelle, et par conséquent , l'augmentation du nombre de noyaux et de la taille du domaine nucléo-cytoplasmique pourraient ainsi contribuer au phénomène d'hypertrophi

Creativity in the Banking Industry: Navigating the Fine Line between Resilience and Risk

This article examines the impact of the creativity of experts in the banking sector on operational risk and organizational resilience. The methodology includes a comprehensive search of Scopus database, followed by screening and selection based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles were then analyzed and synthesized using a thematic approach. The findings suggest that creativity can be both a source of risk and a source of resilience in the banking sector, depending on how it is managed and implemented. While creativity can lead to innovative and profitable strategies, it can also result in unethical and fraudulent practices. Therefore, it is important for banks to establish effective mechanisms to manage and monitor creativity, such as risk management systems and ethical codes of conduct. This review provides insights for academics, practitioners, and policymakers to better understand the role of creativity in the banking sector and its implications for operational risk and organizational resilience

Improving green supply chain resilience through Blockchain innovation: A risk mitigation perspective

The increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies has brought to light the underlying technology known as Blockchain. This innovation is a decentralized information management system that allows for the recording of digital asset transactions without the need for institutional intermediaries. The potential of Blockchain to revolutionize the management of companies, particularly in the context of supply chain risk management, is immense due to the complex and vulnerable nature of the supply chain. This article aims to highlight the impact of the Blockchain on the risks observed in the Supply Chain by examining how this innovation can strengthen the resilience of these chains in times of increased threat and uncertainty. Our study, which utilizes a bibliometric analysis, highlights the role of Blockchain technology in mitigating various risks, including those related to fraud, errors, loss of information, and supply chain failure. It should be noted that the implementation of environmental supply chain practices requires the commitment and participation of all stakeholders involved in the supply chain, as well as favorable policies and incentives from governments and institutions to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices. The key features of Blockchain, including real-time transparency, traceability, and automated smart contract management, enable risk mitigation and contribute to the overall resilience of green supply chains

L’évolution de la pensée managériale : Tendances et perspectives

Cette étude a examiné les tendances et l'évolution de la pensée managériale en utilisant une analyse bibliométrique réalisée avec le logiciel VOS Viewer sur la base de données Scopus. Elle a produit 932 documents qui ont été analysés à l'aide de différentes méthodes pour déterminer les tendances et les nouvelles orientations de la recherche. Les résultats montrent que les recherches se sont déplacées des approches philosophiques, historiques et théoriques en matière de management vers des approches innovantes et liées à la digitalisation. Il a également été constaté une tendance en direction d'une gestion dans des environnements incertains, ainsi qu'une nouvelle direction vers une gestion responsable. Cette étude contribue à la littérature sur la pensée en matière de management en fournissant de nouvelles perspectives sur les tendances futures de la recherche, en précisant les travaux les plus cités et les plus influents ainsi que les auteurs les plus importants, en plus de la répartition de la recherche dans les différents pays. Pour les chercheurs et les praticiens, ces données structurées sont une source importante d'informations pertinentes pour définir les orientations de la pratique et de la recherche