Government Debt and Corporate Leverage: Sectoral Analysis of Pakistan

This study examined the effect of government debt on corporate leverage and analyzed the impact of government debt on all firms at sectoral level enlisted in Pakistan Stock Exchange (KSE-100). For this purpose, it analyzed the panel data of the selected firms from 2006 to 2018. The study utilized the fixed effect linear regression model as determined by the Hausman test. Two variables (book leverage and market leverage) were used to measure corporate leverage. One variable (debt-to-capital ratio) was used to measure debt ratio, while six control variables (market-to-book ratio, GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment rate, tangibility, and return on assets) were used to identify the impact of government debt on corporate leverage and corporate debt. The results of this study revealed that government debt is negatively associated with corporate leverage and has a significant association with the debt ratio of firms. It was also noted that the control variables significantly affect the corporate leverage and debt ratio of firms. These findings have significant implications for the financing decisions of firms

Direct and Indirect Impact of Leadership on Perceived Work Motivation and Perceived Job Satisfaction

The aim of the current study is to understand the relationship between three variables which are leadership, perceived work motivation and perceived job satisfaction. For this research, a sample of 180 employees had taken from the different service sector organization of Lahore and Multan city, Pakistan. The data was collected through adapted survey questionnaires and was recorded in SPSS 22 for the purpose of analysis. The two dimensions of leadership (Transformational & Autocratic), perceived work motivation and perceived job satisfaction were analyzed. To analyze the hypothesis, we used inter correlation matrix and regression analysis. The tests resulted that transformation leadership, overall leadership and work motivation have significant and positive correlation other than autocratic leadership which is significant but negative. Perceived work motivation is also positive significant with leadership and its dimensions. Regression results showed that transformational leadership, overall leadership and motivation are significant and strong predictor but autocratic leadership is weak and insignificant predictor of perceived job satisfaction. Test also resulted that leadership and its dimensions are significant predictor of perceive work motivation and motivation is a possible mediator between leadership and perceived job satisfaction. The result can help in practical implication in organizations which can provide their employees a strong leadership training to empower the mind to increase their motivation level and job satisfaction. Keywords: Transformation & Autocratic Leadership, Work Motivation, Job Satisfaction

Influence of Green Marketing Mix and Customer Fulfillment: An Empirical Study

The aim of this research is to explore the influence of green marketing mix on customer satisfaction. The data was collected through survey questionnaire using 5 point Likert scale from the sample of 230, but 203 useable responses were received. The data was analyzed in SPSS 22. Correlation and regression tests were applied to get the results. The findings indicted the green marketing mix and its dimensions are significantly and positively correlated to customer satisfaction. It also indicated that green marketing mix is very strong predictor of customer satisfaction. Green environment is the need of toda

Exploring the Relationship of Organizational Justice with Employee Satisfaction and Employee

This paper inspects the impact of the organizational justice on perceived employe

Documenting the Recovery of Vascular Services in European Centres Following the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic Peak: Results from a Multicentre Collaborative Study

Objective: To document the recovery of vascular services in Europe following the first COVID-19 pandemic peak. Methods: An online structured vascular service survey with repeated data entry between 23 March and 9 August 2020 was carried out. Unit level data were collected using repeated questionnaires addressing modifications to vascular services during the first peak (March – May 2020, “period 1”), and then again between May and June (“period 2”) and June and July 2020 (“period 3”). The duration of each period was similar. From 2 June, as reductions in cases began to be reported, centres were first asked if they were in a region still affected by rising cases, or if they had passed the peak of the first wave. These centres were asked additional questions about adaptations made to their standard pathways to permit elective surgery to resume. Results: The impact of the pandemic continued to be felt well after countries’ first peak was thought to have passed in 2020. Aneurysm screening had not returned to normal in 21.7% of centres. Carotid surgery was still offered on a case by case basis in 33.8% of centres, and only 52.9% of centres had returned to their normal aneurysm threshold for surgery. Half of centres (49.4%) believed their management of lower limb ischaemia continued to be negatively affected by the pandemic. Reduced operating theatre capacity continued in 45.5% of centres. Twenty per cent of responding centres documented a backlog of at least 20 aortic repairs. At least one negative swab and 14 days of isolation were the most common strategies used for permitting safe elective surgery to recommence. Conclusion: Centres reported a broad return of services approaching pre-pandemic “normal” by July 2020. Many introduced protocols to manage peri-operative COVID-19 risk. Backlogs in cases were reported for all major vascular surgeries

The effects of corporate social responsibility toward green human resource management: The mediating role of sustainable environment

The perception of creating a sustainable environment by business entities is explored in this paper. The rising demand for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) leads to the application of management tools of green human resource management. Most organizations have adapted human resource practices that encourage a green environment with a consideration of minimal environmental pollution and destruction of the environment. As part of a conservation motive, the human resource department has played a critical role of securing the environment via their normal official activities. As a result, the senior management of an organization also an obligation of ensuring that the employees are supported as they seek to meet the social, ecological and economic benefits from a green environment. The idea of having a green environment by the human resource department is an integral process that affects the activities of green selection and recruitment, performance appraisal method, the reward and pay system and a supportive green culture. The importance of green environment is emphasized in the paper as well as the efforts by different companies in maintaining a sustainable environment. The expected outcomes of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) are evaluated and the setbacks expected when trying to achieve a green environment

Role of clomiphene citrate in anovulation and hormonal imbalance of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome

This study was conducted to see the effects of Clomiphene Citrate on fertility hormones estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH in patients with infertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. For this study fifty infertile patients with PCOS who were given treatment with clomiphene citrate (50–150mg/day for 5 days). For Ovarian response ovulation was monitored by transvaginal ultrasonography and serum levels of FSH, LH, progesterone, estrogen was also estimated by using ELISA methods

Perceived corporate social responsibility and pro-environmental behaviors: The role of organizational identification and coworker pro-environmental advocacy

Despite research suggesting that pro-environmental behaviors offer a range of positive benefits for organizations and that corporate social responsibility (CSR) positively affects employee behaviors and attitudes, very few studies have investigated how CSR affects pro-environmental behaviours. As such, this study investigates the impact of perceived CSR on employees' pro-environmental behaviours through organizational identification and coworkers' pro-environmental advocacy. Using a multistage sampling technique, a survey of line managers was conducted across 32 hotels in the understudied context of Malaysia's hotel industry. Based on 331 completed questionnaires, the results suggest that perceived CSR activities drive organizational identification and trigger coworkers’ pro-environmental advocacy, which in turn generate employees’ pro-environmental behaviours. The study offers valuable insights into the complex relationship between perceived CSR and pro-environmental behaviors and discusses the theoretical and research contributions and managerial implications.</p