Effects of hypoxia\u2013reoxygenation stimuli on renal redox status and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway in sickle cell SADmice

Hypoxia\u2013reoxygenation (H/R) stress is known to increase oxidative stress in transgenic sickle mice and can cause organ failure. Here we described the effects of H/R on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a putative regulator of redox status in the kidneys of SAD mice investigating Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes. Transgenic SAD mice and healthy C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to 4 h of hypoxia followed by various times of reoxygenation at ambient air (2 or 6 h). Regardless of the conditions (i.e. normoxia or H/R), SAD mice expressed higher renal oxidative stress levels. Nuclear Nrf2 protein expression decreased after 2 h post-hypoxia only in the medulla region of the kidney and only in SAD mice. Simultaneously, haem oxygenase transcripts were affected by H/R stimulus with a significant enhancement after 2 h post-hypoxia. Similarly, hypoxia inducible factor-1 staining increased after 2 h post-hypoxia in SAD mice in both cortex and medulla areas. Our data confirm that the kidneys are organs that are particularly sensitive toH/R stimuli in sickle cell SAD mice. Also, these results suggest an effect of the duration of recovery period (short vs. long) and specific responses according to kidney areas, medulla vs. cortex, on Nrf2 expression in response to H/R stimuli in SAD mice

Arabidopsis Plasmodesmal Proteome

The multicellular nature of plants requires that cells should communicate in order to coordinate essential functions. This is achieved in part by molecular flux through pores in the cell wall, called plasmodesmata. We describe the proteomic analysis of plasmodesmata purified from the walls of Arabidopsis suspension cells. Isolated plasmodesmata were seen as membrane-rich structures largely devoid of immunoreactive markers for the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic components. Using nano-liquid chromatography and an Orbitrap ion-trap tandem mass spectrometer, 1341 proteins were identified. We refer to this list as the plasmodesmata- or PD-proteome. Relative to other cell wall proteomes, the PD-proteome is depleted in wall proteins and enriched for membrane proteins, but still has a significant number (35%) of putative cytoplasmic contaminants, probably reflecting the sensitivity of the proteomic detection system. To validate the PD-proteome we searched for known plasmodesmal proteins and used molecular and cell biological techniques to identify novel putative plasmodesmal proteins from a small subset of candidates. The PD-proteome contained known plasmodesmal proteins and some inferred plasmodesmal proteins, based upon sequence or functional homology with examples identified in different plant systems. Many of these had a membrane association reflecting the membranous nature of isolated structures. Exploiting this connection we analysed a sample of the abundant receptor-like class of membrane proteins and a small random selection of other membrane proteins for their ability to target plasmodesmata as fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins. From 15 candidates we identified three receptor-like kinases, a tetraspanin and a protein of unknown function as novel potential plasmodesmal proteins. Together with published work, these data suggest that the membranous elements in plasmodesmata may be rich in receptor-like functions, and they validate the content of the PD-proteome as a valuable resource for the further uncovering of the structure and function of plasmodesmata as key components in cell-to-cell communication in plants

Étude des mécanismes impliqués dans l'inflammation, le stress oxydant et le métabolisme de l'oxyde nitrique chez des souris transgéniques drépanocytaires : approches sportive et pharmacologique

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a severe hemoglobinopathy punctuated by recurrent painful vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and by hemolytic anemia mainly due to chronic vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. VOCs are unpredictable and lead to serious multifocal organ damages making difficult the development of effective treatment and explaining why there is still no curative therapy applicable to the entire SCD population. Based on previous studies, the aim of this work was to characterize the effects of i) moderate exercise training ii) the contribution of RAGE (Receptor for advanced glycation end products) which is a modulator of oxidative stress and inflammation, to the vicious circle of SCD. The first study shows that voluntary wheel running improved NO metabolism in lungs and blunted cardiac oxidative stress and hemolysis in SAD mice presenting a mild phenotype of SCD. We then proceed to a phenotypic characterization of a severe SCD mouse model (Townes) to target more precisely molecules and organs of interest in order to optimize following protocols. The third study completes data from the first study in highlighting a better venous oxygenation, a decrease in systemic and renal inflammation and a limited splenic congestion after exercise training in sickle Townes mice. Ultimately, the fourth study highlights the involvement of RAGE in the SCD pathophysiology. Indeed, specific inhibition of RAGE may reduce hemolysis, blunt expression of oxidative stress and inflammation markers in the liver and kidney and stimulates endothelial NO synthase as well as plasma NO metabolites in sickle Townes mice. It has emerged from this work promising new data regarding the therapeutic use of exercise training or RAGE inhibition in SCD. Nonetheless, additional studies on humans are required before confirming our conclusionsLa drépanocytose est une hémoglobinopathie grave caractérisée par des crises vaso-occlusives (CVOs) récurrentes et douloureuses ainsi que par une anémie hémolytique notamment dues à une inflammation vasculaire et un stress oxydant chroniques. Le caractère imprévisible des CVOs et les dommages tissulaires sévères et multifocaux subséquents rendent extrêmement difficile l'établissement d'un traitement efficace, expliquant pourquoi, à ce jour, il n'existe encore aucun traitement curatif applicable à l'ensemble de la population drépanocytaire. Sur la base de travaux réalisés précédemment dans d'autres maladies, l'objectif de ce projet était de tester l'hypothèse d'effets modulateurs favorables de l'activité physique régulière d'une part et de vérifier l'implication d'un modulateur du stress oxydant et de l'inflammation, le RAGE (Receptor of advanced glycation end products) d'autre part, dans la drépanocytose. La 1ère étude montre qu'un entrainement sur roue d'activité pouvait améliorer le métabolisme du NO pulmonaire et limiter le stress oxydant cardiaque ainsi que l'hémolyse chez un modèle murin modérément sévère de drépanocytose, la souris SAD. Par la suite nous avons réalisé une étude de caractérisation phénotypique du modèle Townes plus sévère, afin de cibler plus précisément les molécules et organes d'intérêt et d'optimiser les deux derniers protocoles portant sur ce modèle de souris. L'étude 3 complète alors la 1ère étude en mettant en évidence une amélioration de l'oxygénation veineuse et une baisse de l'inflammation systémique et rénale ainsi que de la congestion splénique par l'entrainement sportif chez les souris Townes, à l'état stable. Enfin la 4ème étude démontre une implication importante des RAGEs dans la physiopathologie drépanocytaire. En effet, l'inhibition spécifique de ces récepteurs semble limiter les processus hémolytiques, l'expression hépatique et rénale de marqueurs du stress oxydant et de l'inflammation et stimuler l'expression d'eNOS ainsi que la concentration plasmatique en métabolites du NO chez les souris Townes. Il ressort de ce travail de thèse, des éléments prometteurs quant à l'utilisation thérapeutique de l'entrainement sportif ou de l'inactivation des RAGEs dans la drépanocytose bien que des études complémentaires chez l'Homme et la souris soient respectivement nécessaires avant de confirmer ces conclusion

Study of mechanisms involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and nitric oxide metabolism in transgenic sickle cell mice using pharmacological and physical exercise interventions

La drépanocytose est une hémoglobinopathie grave caractérisée par des crises vaso-occlusives (CVOs) récurrentes et douloureuses ainsi que par une anémie hémolytique notamment dues à une inflammation vasculaire et un stress oxydant chroniques. Le caractère imprévisible des CVOs et les dommages tissulaires sévères et multifocaux subséquents rendent extrêmement difficile l'établissement d'un traitement efficace, expliquant pourquoi, à ce jour, il n'existe encore aucun traitement curatif applicable à l'ensemble de la population drépanocytaire. Sur la base de travaux réalisés précédemment dans d'autres maladies, l'objectif de ce projet était de tester l'hypothèse d'effets modulateurs favorables de l'activité physique régulière d'une part et de vérifier l'implication d'un modulateur du stress oxydant et de l'inflammation, le RAGE (Receptor of advanced glycation end products) d'autre part, dans la drépanocytose. La 1ère étude montre qu'un entrainement sur roue d'activité pouvait améliorer le métabolisme du NO pulmonaire et limiter le stress oxydant cardiaque ainsi que l'hémolyse chez un modèle murin modérément sévère de drépanocytose, la souris SAD. Par la suite nous avons réalisé une étude de caractérisation phénotypique du modèle Townes plus sévère, afin de cibler plus précisément les molécules et organes d'intérêt et d'optimiser les deux derniers protocoles portant sur ce modèle de souris. L'étude 3 complète alors la 1ère étude en mettant en évidence une amélioration de l'oxygénation veineuse et une baisse de l'inflammation systémique et rénale ainsi que de la congestion splénique par l'entrainement sportif chez les souris Townes, à l'état stable. Enfin la 4ème étude démontre une implication importante des RAGEs dans la physiopathologie drépanocytaire. En effet, l'inhibition spécifique de ces récepteurs semble limiter les processus hémolytiques, l'expression hépatique et rénale de marqueurs du stress oxydant et de l'inflammation et stimuler l'expression d'eNOS ainsi que la concentration plasmatique en métabolites du NO chez les souris Townes. Il ressort de ce travail de thèse, des éléments prometteurs quant à l'utilisation thérapeutique de l'entrainement sportif ou de l'inactivation des RAGEs dans la drépanocytose bien que des études complémentaires chez l'Homme et la souris soient respectivement nécessaires avant de confirmer ces conclusionsSickle cell disease (SCD) is a severe hemoglobinopathy punctuated by recurrent painful vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and by hemolytic anemia mainly due to chronic vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. VOCs are unpredictable and lead to serious multifocal organ damages making difficult the development of effective treatment and explaining why there is still no curative therapy applicable to the entire SCD population. Based on previous studies, the aim of this work was to characterize the effects of i) moderate exercise training ii) the contribution of RAGE (Receptor for advanced glycation end products) which is a modulator of oxidative stress and inflammation, to the vicious circle of SCD. The first study shows that voluntary wheel running improved NO metabolism in lungs and blunted cardiac oxidative stress and hemolysis in SAD mice presenting a mild phenotype of SCD. We then proceed to a phenotypic characterization of a severe SCD mouse model (Townes) to target more precisely molecules and organs of interest in order to optimize following protocols. The third study completes data from the first study in highlighting a better venous oxygenation, a decrease in systemic and renal inflammation and a limited splenic congestion after exercise training in sickle Townes mice. Ultimately, the fourth study highlights the involvement of RAGE in the SCD pathophysiology. Indeed, specific inhibition of RAGE may reduce hemolysis, blunt expression of oxidative stress and inflammation markers in the liver and kidney and stimulates endothelial NO synthase as well as plasma NO metabolites in sickle Townes mice. It has emerged from this work promising new data regarding the therapeutic use of exercise training or RAGE inhibition in SCD. Nonetheless, additional studies on humans are required before confirming our conclusion

Does physical activity increase or decrease the risk of sickle cell disease complications?

International audienc

Moderate exercise training decreases inflammation in transgenic sickle cell mice

International audienc

Inflammatory and oxidative stress phenotypes in transgenic sickle cell mice

International audienc

Oxidative stress is decreased in physically active sickle cell SAD mice

International audienc

Soluble Klotho protects against glomerular injury through regulation of ER stress response

αKlotho (Klotho) has well established renoprotective effects; however, the molecular pathways mediating its glomerular protection remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have reported that Klotho is expressed in podocytes and protects glomeruli through auto- and paracrine effects. Here, we examined renal expression of Klotho in detail and explored its protective effects in podocyte-specific Klotho knockout mice, and by overexpressing human Klotho in podocytes and hepatocytes. We demonstrate that Klotho is not significantly expressed in podocytes, and transgenic mice with either a targeted deletion or overexpression of Klotho in podocytes lack a glomerular phenotype and have no altered susceptibility to glomerular injury. In contrast, mice with hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Klotho have high circulating levels of soluble Klotho, and when challenged with nephrotoxic serum have less albuminuria and less severe kidney injury compared to wildtype mice. RNA-seq analysis suggests an adaptive response to increased endoplasmic reticulum stress as a putative mechanism of action. To evaluate the clinical relevance of our findings, the results were validated in patients with diabetic nephropathy, and in precision cut kidney slices from human nephrectomies. Together, our data reveal that the glomeruloprotective effects of Klotho is mediated via endocrine actions, which increases its therapeutic potential for patients with glomerular diseases