Стилистический эффект разговорной речи и его составляющие

В обучении русскому языку как иностранному на современном этапе большое внимание уделяется особенностям русской разговорной речи. Это обусловлено целым рядом причин, среди которых, на наш взгляд, можно выделить следующие: во-первых, разговорная речь всегда отличается активностью проникновения во все сферы жизнедеятельности людей и функционирует как в повседневном общении, так и в различных сферах (литературе, кино, политике и т.д.). Во-вторых, разговорная речь носит многожанровый характер, что зачастую затрудняет ее понимание иностранными студентами. В-третьих, в разговорную речь помимо слов нейтрального стиля все активнее стала проникать арготическая лексика. Именно в связи с этим особый интерес у нас вызывает разговорный стиль речи в преломлении на инофонную аудиторию

Influence of HAART on Alternative Reading Frame Immune Responses over the Course of HIV-1 Infection

Background: Translational errors can result in bypassing of the main viral protein reading frames and the production of alternate reading frame (ARF) or cryptic peptides. Within HIV, there are many such ARFs in both sense and the antisense directions of transcription. These ARFs have the potential to generate immunogenic peptides called cryptic epitopes (CE). Both antiretroviral drug therapy and the immune system exert a mutational pressure on HIV-1. Immune pressure exerted by ARF CD8(+) T cells on the virus has already been observed in vitro. HAART has also been described to select HIV-1 variants for drug escape mutations. Since the mutational pressure exerted on one location of the HIV-1 genome can potentially affect the 3 reading frames, we hypothesized that ARF responses would be affected by this drug pressure in vivo. Methodology/Principal findings: In this study we identified new ARFs derived from sense and antisense transcription of HIV-1. Many of these ARFs are detectable in circulating viral proteins. They are predominantly found in the HIV-1 env nucleotide region. We measured T cell responses to 199 HIV-1 CE encoded within 13 sense and 34 antisense HIV-1 ARFs. We were able to observe that these ARF responses are more frequent and of greater magnitude in chronically infected individuals compared to acutely infected patients, and in patients on HAART, the breadth of ARF responses increased. Conclusions/Significance: These results have implications for vaccine design and unveil the existence of potential new epitopes that could be included as vaccine targets.International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI

Incorporating Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors into Systemic Therapy of NSCLC

Despite current therapeutic options metastatic non- small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains incurable. Targeted therapies have opened new opportunities for several molecular subtypes, but virtually all patients treated will ultimately develop progressive disease by treatment resistance. Recent clinical trials have shown that immune-checkpoint blockade can result in striking and durable responses in metastatic NSCLC. These impressive results are yet to be confirmed in following trials; nonetheless, NSCLC therapeutic strategies will most likely need to integrate immune-checkpoint inhibitors in the near future. Interestingly, conventional therapies are capable of modulating the immune system and can therefore interact directly or indirectly with immunotherapies. This suggests that some combinations might have synergistic activity and lead to improved efficacy. Conventional and targeted therapies can induce rapid tumor lysis, and immune-checkpoint blockade can then help to induce a sustained immune-mediated tumor control. Moreover, the distinctive toxicity profile associated with immune-checkpoint modulators makes them good candidates for combination strategies. Here we summarize the results of immune-checkpoints trials in NSCLC, and also report how current therapeutic options can modulate the immune system. We provide a rationale and identify potential challenges for immune-checkpoint blockade combinations with conventional therapeutics in NSCLC

Transcriptional Errors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Generate Targets for T-Cell Responses▿

We measured T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cryptic epitopes encoded by regions of the viral genome not normally translated into viral proteins. T-cell responses to cryptic epitopes and to regions normally spliced out of the HIV-1 viral proteins Rev and Tat were detected in HIV-1-infected subjects

Better than RECIST and faster than iRECIST: defining the Immunotherapy Progression Decision score to better manage progressive tumors on immunotherapy

International audienc

Better than RECIST and faster than iRECIST: defining the Immunotherapy Progression Decision score to better manage progressive tumors on immunotherapy

International audienc

Better than RECIST and faster than iRECIST: defining the Immunotherapy Progression Decision score to better manage progressive tumors on immunotherapy

International audienc

Better than RECIST and faster than iRECIST: defining the Immunotherapy Progression Decision score to better manage progressive tumors on immunotherapy

International audienc