Alimentación penitenciaria: entre higiene y derechos

La Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) y el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR) recomiendan las condiciones en las cuales debe desarrollarse la detención de las personas privadas de la libertad, incluyendo las referidas al suministro de alimentación, permitiendo que sobre esa base se constituyan las normas, procesos y procedimientos en los Establecimientos de Reclusión del Orden Nacional (ERON). En Colombia, y en muchos otros países, estos escenarios de producción de alimentación resultan insuficientes; entre las variables a considerar se encuentran la infraestructura física, el tipo de contratación, los hábitos alimentarios regionales por la procedencia heterogénea de la población interna y muchas veces sus preferencias, las patologías crónicas que se manejan, la seguridad en el ingreso de materias primas y el suministro de la alimentación al interior de los ERON. Es importante mencionar que cualquier brote de enfermedad trasmitida por alimentos (ETA) puede desencadenar una epidemia que se complica aún más por la situación de reclusión. Otras dificultades son la comercialización no permitida, el ingreso de alimentos y la conservación de estos en las celdas, lo cual puede ocasionar la pérdida de calidad higiénico-sanitaria y pone en peligro la salud de esta población.The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) recommend the conditions under which the detention of persons deprived of liberty must be developed, including those relating to food supply. This establishes the basis for the standards, processes and procedures in National Order Detention Facilities (ERON, in its Spanish acronym). In Colombia, and in many other countries, these scenarios of food production are insufficient; among the variables to consider are the physical infrastructure, contract types, regional food habits due to the heterogeneous origin of the inmate population and often their preferences, chronic pathologies that are handled, the security for raw materials entrance and food supply within the ERON. It is noteworthy that any outbreak of foodborne disease (FBD) can trigger an epidemic that is further complicated by the situation in prison. Other difficulties are non-permitted marketing, food entrance and its conservation in cells, which can produce loss of sanitary quality and endanger the health of this population

Energy loss of H+ and H2+ beams in carbon nanotubes: a joint experimental and simulation study

Carbon nanotube properties can be modified by ion irradiation; therefore it is important to know the manner in which ions deposit energy (how much and where) in the nanotubes. In this work, we have studied, experimentally and with a simulation code, the irradiation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), supported on a holey amorphous carbon (a-C) substrate, with low energy (2–10 keV/u) H+ and H2+ molecular beams, impinging perpendicularly to the MWCNT axis. The energy distribution of protons traversing the nanotubes (either from the H+ beam or dissociated from the H2+ beam) was measured by the transmission technique in the forward direction. Two well-differentiated peaks appear in the experimental energy-loss distribution of the fragments dissociated from the molecular H2+ beam, in correspondence to the ones detected with the proton beam. One is the low-energy loss peak (LELP), which has a symmetric width; the other is the high-energy loss peak (HELP), which shows an asymmetric broadening towards larger energy loss than the corresponding proton energy distribution. A semi-classical simulation, accounting for the main interaction processes (both elastic and inelastic), of the proton trajectories through the nanotube and the supporting substrate has been done, in order to elucidate the origin of these structures in the energy spectra. Regarding the H+ energy spectrum, the LELP corresponds to projectiles that travel in quasi-channelling motion through the most outer walls of the nanotubes and then pass through the substrate holes, whereas the HELP results mostly from projectiles traversing only the a-C substrate, with the asymmetry broadening being due to a minor contribution of those protons that cross the a-C substrate after exiting the nanotube. The broadening of the peaks corresponding to dissociated fragments, with respect to that of the isolated protons, is the result of vicinage effects between the fragments, when travelling in quasi-channelling conditions through the outer layers of the nanotube, and Coulomb explosion just after exiting the target. The excellent agreement between the measured and the simulated energy spectra of the H+ beam validates our simulation code in order to predict the energy deposited by ion beams in carbon nanotubes.This work has been financially supported by Fondecyt 1100759, Fondecyt 1121203 and USM-DGIP 11.11.11, Anillo ACT1108, Proyecto Basal FB0821 - CONICYT, the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and European Regional Development Fund (Projects FIS2014-58849-P and PGC2018-096788-B-I00), and Fundación Séneca (Project No. 19907/GERM/15)

Estilos de anexo em um grupo de jovens com traços anti-sociais e psicópatas /

El artículo de investigación describe los estilos de apegos en un grupo de jóvenes con rasgos antisociales y psicopáticos. Los participantes fueron 100 jóvenes del Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescente de Montería, con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 18 años (Media 16, 25, DT 2, 8). El diseño metodológico se basó en un enfoque cuantitativo tipo descriptivo. Los Instrumento de medición fueron el Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Versión. PCL: YV y la Escala de Apego Romántico y no Romántico. Los resultados coinciden, al igual que la base teórica revisada, en que la privación en el área afectiva desde la niñez puede ser un indicador influyente en el desarrollo de una personalidad psicopática o antisocial.Universidad Autónoma del Caribe

Effect of the soil water-to-air ratio on water status, leaf gas exchange and biomass of avocado trees

ABSTRACT Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is one of the most sensitive fruit tree species to flooded or poorly drained soil conditions. In Chile, avocado orchards are often planted in poorly drained soils that are low in oxygen resulting in tree stress. Understanding the relationship between the water-to-air ratio of different soils and avocado tree physiology and growth, should be helpful for irrigation management of the crop. The objective of this study was to relate the water-to-air ratios in different soils to water status, leaf gas exchange and biomass of avocado trees. Avocado trees were grown in each of five soils each collected from a different area of the Chilean avocado growing region with different physical properties and hence different water to air ratios. Thus, there were five treatments (T1-T5) corresponding to each of the five soils. The experiment was conducted during the spring and summer of 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 starting with two-year-old 'Hass' avocado trees planted outdoors in containers filled with one of the five soil treatments. At field capacity, the two-season average soil water-to-air ratio (W/A) was 1.7, 1.3, 0.6, 0.4 or 0.3 for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, or T5, respectively. In addition to determining soil physical characteristics and monitoring W/A, net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), stem water potential (SWP), shoot and root fresh and dry weights, leaf area and leaf retention were evaluated for trees in each treatment. Although aerobic soil conditions were maintained in all treatments, trees in soil with lower W/A had higher A, Tr, gs, and SWP than trees in the treatments with higher W/A. Also, trees in treatments with lower W/A had more biomass and longer leaf retention than trees in treatments with higher W/A. The results of this study indicate that the soil water-to-air ratio significantly affects physiology and growth of 'Hass' avocado trees. Efecto de la relación agua/ aire del suelo en el estatus hídrico, intercambio gaseosos de la hoja y biomasa de paltos. Pilar M. Gil, Raúl Ferreyra, Bruce Schaffer, Cristián Barrera, José M. Celedón, Patricio Maldonado, Carlos Zúñiga, Cristóbal Gentina y Luis Gurovich RESUMEN El palto o aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) es una de las especies más sensible al anegamientoo condiciones de pobre drenaje del suelo. En Chile, los huertos de palto son a menudo plantados en suelos de pobre drenaje que son pobres en oxígeno lo que provoca estrés en los árboles. Entendiendo cómo se relaciona una característica del suelo tal como la relación agua/aire en diferentes tipos de suelo, y la fisiología y crecimiento del palto, podría ser una información importante para determinar el manejo de riego de este cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la relación agua/aire del suelo en diferentes suelos con el estatus hídrico, intercambio gaseoso y biomasa de árboles de palto. Árboles de palto fueron establecidos en uno de cinco tipos de suelo recolectados desde diferentes zonas de la región de cultivo del palto; cada suelo tenía diferentes propiedades físicas y por tanto diferente relación agua/aire. Por tanto, se aplicaron 5 tratamientos, (T1-T5) correspondientes a cada uno de los 5 suelos. El experimento se condujo durante la primavera capacidad de campo, el promedio relación agua/aire (W/A) de ambas temporadas fue de 1.7, 1.3, 0.6, 0.4 o 0.3 para los tratamientos T1, T2, T3, T4, o T5, respectivamente. Además de determinar las características físicas del suelo y monitorear W/A, se determinó la asimilación neta de CO2 (A), transpiración (Tr), conductancia estomática (gs), potencial hídrico xilemático (SWP), peso seco y fresco de brotes y raíces, área foliar y retención de hojas. Aunque las condiciones del suelo se mantuvieron como aeróbicas en todos los tratamientos, los árboles en suelo con baja relación tuvieron mejores valores de A, Tr, gs, y SWP que árboles en tratamientos con alta relación W/A. También, los árboles en tratamientos con menor W/A tuvieron más biomasa, área foliar y mayor retención de hojas que árboles desarrollados en suelos con mayor W/A. Los resultados de este estudio indican que la relación agua/aire del suelo afectan significativamente la fisiología y crecimiento de paltos cv. 'Hass'

Propuesta estratégica de mejora en la implementación de los estándares mínimos del Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST) en la empresa Alcaldía Municipal de la Jagua de Ibirico para el segundo semestre del 2019 y principios del 2020.

Con la elaboración del presente trabajo se conoce la importancia de la utilización del sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo en las empresas, mediante una propuesta estratégica que mejore la implementación de los estándares mínimos del sistema. Las estrategias implementadas en el (SG-SST) le facilitaran a la Alcaldía Municipal de la Jagua de Ibirico tener la ejecución, control y evaluación de sus actividades para que pueda mantener y mejorar la salud de los trabajadores, evitar accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales.With the preparation of this work, the importance of using the occupational health and safety management system in companies is known, through a strategic proposal that improves the implementation of the minimum standards of the system. The strategies implemented in the (SG-SST) will make it easier for the Municipal Office of the Jagua de Ibirico to have the execution, control and evaluation of its activities so that it can maintain and improve the health of workers, avoid accidents at work and occupational diseases

Genome-wide association study of inhaled corticosteroid response in admixed children with asthma

Background Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the most widely prescribed and effective medication to control asthma symptoms and exacerbations. However, many children still have asthma exacerbations despite treatment, particularly in admixed populations, such as Puerto Ricans and African Americans. A few genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in European and Asian populations, and they have demonstrated the importance of the genetic component in ICS response. Objective We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with asthma exacerbations in admixed children treated with ICS and to validate previous GWAS findings. Methods A meta‐analysis of two GWAS of asthma exacerbations was performed in 1347 admixed children treated with ICS (Hispanics/Latinos and African Americans), analysing 8.7 million genetic variants. Those with P ≤ 5 × 10−6 were followed up for replication in 1697 asthmatic patients from six European studies. Associations of ICS response described in published GWAS were followed up for replication in the admixed populations. Results A total of 15 independent variants were suggestively associated with asthma exacerbations in admixed populations (P ≤ 5 × 10−6). One of them, located in the intergenic region of APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C, showed evidence of replication in Europeans (rs5995653, P = 7.52 × 10−3) and was also associated with change in lung function after treatment with ICS (P = 4.91 × 10−3). Additionally, the reported association of the L3MBTL4‐ARHGAP28 genomic region was confirmed in admixed populations, although a different variant was identified. Conclusions and clinical relevance This study revealed the novel association of APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C with asthma exacerbations in children treated with ICS and replicated previously identified genomic regions. This contributes to the current knowledge about the multiple genetic markers determining responsiveness to ICS which could lead in the future the clinical identification of those asthma patients who are not able to respond to such treatment

Asthma in the elderly: what we know and what we have yet to know

In the past, asthma was considered mainly as a childhood disease. However, asthma is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly nowadays. In addition, the burden of asthma is more significant in the elderly than in their younger counterparts, particularly with regard to mortality, hospitalization, medical costs or health-related quality of life. Nevertheless, asthma in the elderly is still been underdiagnosed and undertreated. Therefore, it is an imperative task to recognize our current challenges and to set future directions. This project aims to review the current literature and identify unmet needs in the fields of research and practice for asthma in the elderly. This will enable us to find new research directions, propose new therapeutic strategies, and ultimately improve outcomes for elderly people with asthma. There are data to suggest that asthma in older adults is phenotypically different from young patients, with potential impact on the diagnosis, assessment and management in this population. The diagnosis of AIE in older populations relies on the same clinical findings and diagnostic tests used in younger populations, but the interpretation of the clinical data is more difficult. The challenge today is to encourage new research in AIE but to use the existing knowledge we have to make the diagnosis of AIE, educate the patient, develop a therapeutic approach to control the disease, and ultimately provide a better quality of life to our elderly patients

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul

Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: TARIA‐MeDALL hypothesis

Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of “one-airway-one-disease,” coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the “Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis.” This review determined that the “one-airway-one-disease” concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme “allergic” (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio