Saffron is a monomorphic species as revealed by RAPD, ISSR and microsatellite analyses

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Saffron (<it>Crocus sativus</it>) is considered the world's most expensive spice. Used mainly as a colorant for foodstuffs, it is highly appreciated for its aromatic and flavouring properties. Since no molecular markers for this species have been found in the literature, the objective of this study was to determine whether phenotypical differences found in <it>C. sativus </it>were supported by molecular analyses.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Thirty primers from Operon Technologies were used in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, forty eight primers were screened using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) method and fifteen primers derived from a microsatellites library flanking sequences with repeat motifs were assayed in forty three isolates of <it>C. sativus </it>from eleven different countries and a <it>C. kotschyanus </it>isolate was used as outgroup. No polymorphic bands were detected in any of the accessions combining the different approaches used in this study.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>According to our findings, all accessions appear identical clones, not only because morphological characters but also at a molecular level. These data strongly suggested that <it>C. sativus </it>is a monomorphic species. Thus, genome sequencing is needed to find molecular markers for saffron.</p

Mocorito and San Benito. Missionary action and Hispanic settlement in the south of the Province of Sinaloa 1592-1767.

By contrast of historical sources, this article offers an account of the founda-tion of Mocorito as a mission pueblo and of San Benito as an alternative settlement of Hispanic residents. We follow the historical process of the mission and the context of the settlement around it, until the establishment of a parish in San Benito in the early 1730s. One of our primary sources for characterizing the mission and its life are two inventories of Mocorito’s mission that provide a religious’ goods detailed account of both temples, and that help us to evoke the final time of the Jesuits in Sinaloa. We be-lieve that following the history of a specific mission can contribute to the understanding of the history of the Society of Jesus in New Spain, as well as the relations of the mem-bers of the Order with the Indians under their religious administration and with the sur-rounding Hispanic population

A theoretical study on the mechanism of the base-promoted decomposition of N-chloro,N-methylethanolamine

The first step of the base-promoted decomposition of N-chloro,N-methylethanolamine in aqueous solution (CH3N(Cl)CH2CH2OH + HO- →imine + Cl- + H2O (+ CH2O)→amine + aldehyde) is investigated at the MP2/6-31++G(d,p) computing level. Solvation is included by using both a microsolvated model, in which two explicit water molecules simulate the specific solvent effects, and a hybrid cluster-continuum model, by applying a polarized continuum on the previous results, to account for the bulk effect of the solvent. Four alternative pathways (bimolecular fragmentation, Hofmann, Zaitsev and intramolecular eliminations) are possible for the rate-limiting step of this base-promoted decomposition. These reactive processes are bimolecular asynchronous concerted reactions. The common feature of the four pathways is the proton transfer to HO- being more advanced than all other molecular events, whereas imine formation is delayed. Non-reactive cyclic arrangements involving one of the explicit water molecules are found at transition structures of Hofmann and Zaitsev eliminations, such water molecule acting both as H+ donor and acceptor. Although MP2 calculations misjudge the absolute activation Gibbs free energy values, this computational level adequately predicts the enhancement in the decomposition rate due to the presence of the -OH grou

Relación entre el clima organizacional y los estilos pedagógicos de los docentes del nivel secundario en la institución educativa emblemática “César A. Vallejo” de la UGEL 03 - Lima 2013

El objetivo del trabajo de investigación fue determinar la relación del clima organizacional con los estilos pedagógicos de los docentes del nivel secundario de la institución educativa emblemática “César A. Vallejo” de la Ugel 03, 2013. La investigación corresponde al enfoque cuantitativo y obedece a un diseño no experimental transversal correlacional. La técnica empleada fue la encuesta y los instrumentos utilizados fueron: un cuestionario de 40 ítems para la variable clima organizacional y de 30 ítems para la variable estilos pedagógicos; los mismos que fueron aplicados a una población censal de 40 docentes. El procesamiento estadístico descriptivo e inferencial se realizó mediante el programa Excel y el programa estadístico SPSS. Los resultados mostraron que existe relación positiva y significativa entre clima organizacional y estilos pedagógicos con un nivel de correlación moderada. (Rho = 0.415* y p = 0.042 < = 0.05) según los docentes del nivel secundario en la institución educativa emblemática “César A. Vallejo”

Porcine circovirus 3 is highly prevalent in serum and tissues and may persistently infect wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa)

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV‐3) prevalence has been minimally investigated in wild boar; dynamics of infection and viral tissue distribution are currently unknown. In this study, serum samples from 518 wild boar (from years 2004 to 2018) were used to study frequency of infection. Also, serum samples from 19 boar captured and recaptured at least two times for a period of time from 1 month to 1 year were collected to determine PCV‐3 infection dynamics. Finally, to elucidate PCV‐3 DNA organic distribution, sera, different tissues and faeces were obtained from 35 additional wild boar. PCV‐3 DNA was extracted and amplified with a conventional PCR. For the PCV‐3 PCR‐positive sera from the longitudinally sampled and different tissue types, a quantitative PCR was performed. Genome sequence was obtained from a number of PCV‐3 PCR‐positive samples from different years, different time‐points of infection and tissues. Obtained results confirmed the susceptibility of wild boar to the virus, showing high frequency of PCV‐3 detection (221 out of 518, 42.66%) and demonstrating circulation at least since 2004. Compiled data indicate the possibility of long‐term infections, since 5 out of 10 PCV‐3 PCR‐positive boars longitudinally sampled showed positivity in samplings separated for more than 5 months. All tested tissue types' harboured PCV‐3 genome, with the highest percentage of PCR positivity in submandibular lymph node, tonsil, lung, liver, spleen and kidney. The amount of DNA in all tested PCV‐3 PCR‐positive samples was moderate to low. All partial and complete PCV‐3 sequences obtained from wild boar displayed high nucleotide identity, higher than 98%. In conclusion, this study further confirms that wild boar is susceptible to PCV‐3 infection, showing high frequency of detection in this animal species. Furthermore, PCV‐3 can be found in different tissues of wild boar and is apparently able to cause persistent infection.Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria. Grant Number: E‐RTA2017‐00007‐00‐0

Nuevos modelos objetivos, precisos y reproducibles de evaluación y autoevaluación de competencias clínicas en Prótesis estomatológica fija para alumnos de Grado

Sin duda, el cambio de paradigma en los sistemas de evaluación constituye uno de principales planteamientos de la reforma del Grado en Odontología. El enfoque actual de la evaluación, que ha reemplazado los objetivos docentes por las competencias alcanzadas por el alumno, adquiere su máximo exponente en el caso de las disciplinas clínicas como la Prótesis Estomatológica, materia en la que el estudiante de Grado efectúa tratamientos a pacientes. Por otra parte, respondiendo a la necesidad de impulsar el aprendizaje autónomo, hay que destacar la importancia de facilitar herramientas al alumno, de modo que mediante procesos de autoevaluación, tome conciencia acerca de si es o no competente previo a acometer tratamientos clínicos. Por todo ello, precisamos determinar y evaluar con exactitud aquellos aspectos clínicos para los cuales el alumno debe alcanzar competencias profesionales. En definitiva, la evaluación por competencias posibilita acreditar los conocimientos y habilidades clínicas adquiridas por parte de los alumnos durante el desarrollo de las actividades prácticas. Dado que las competencias por sí mismas no pueden observarse, deben ser evaluadas por medio de evidencias; entendiendo este concepto como las pruebas que demuestran que se ha alcanzado o no un requerimiento, una competencia (en nuestro caso, clínica) o un resultado de aprendizaje (pre-clínico). Tan sólo conociendo las competencias clínicas que el alumno debe reunir, y diseñando un método adecuado para evaluarlas, estaremos en disposición de garantizar una formación nuclear sobre los aspectos más esenciales de la Odontología, concretamente en el campo de la Prótesis fija. Por tanto, con este proyecto pretendemos estratificar pormenorizadamente las competencias clínicas que conducen a la realización de los distintos tratamientos fijos de Prótesis Estomatológica. Asimismo, describimos cada competencia en base a un conjunto de ítems. Dando un paso más, hemos diseñado tests para evaluar dichos ítems en cada competencia. Se ha establecido además el peso que ejerce cada ítem en la puntuación final. Se ha acordado también una sistemática de aplicación de dichos tests, especificando qué profesores intervendrán en la evaluación, en qué momento se realizará, qué intervalo de tiempo se recomienda previo a una nueva evaluación de una misma competencia, etc. Con las rúbricas de evaluación de dichos tests, el alumno además podrá disponer desde un principio de la información acerca de los niveles de excelencia a exigir para cada ítem que compone una práctica determinada. En síntesis, con este proyecto pretendemos definir e implantar métodos objetivos y precisos para la evaluación y autoevaluación de las competencias clínicas esenciales en Prótesis fija. Una vez diseñado el proceso, se aplicará en prácticas mediante dispositivos móviles/tablets, para mayor agilidad y eficacia en su materialización. Con el planteamiento del que parte este proyecto, pretendemos que el protocolo de evaluación pueda vertebrar el examen de otras competencias en el terreno de la Prótesis Estomatológica, la Odontología general e, incluso, otras disciplinas de las Ciencias de la Salud

The Minor Allele of rs7574865 in the STAT4 Gene Is Associated with Increased mRNA and Protein Expression

We studied 201 patients (80% female; median age, 54 years; median disease duration, 5.4 months) from PEARL study. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data were collected at each visit. IL-6 serum levels were measured by enzyme immune assay. The rs7574865 was genotyped using TaqMan probes. The expression levels of STAT4 mRNA were determined at 182 visits from 69 patients using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. STAT4 protein was assessed by western blot in 62 samples from 34 patients. To determine the effect of different variables on the expression of STAT4 mRNA and protein, we performed multivariate longitudinal analyses using generalized linear models.This work was supported by grants awarded to IGA from the RETICS Program (RD08/0075/0004 and RD12/0009/0017 [RIER]) and FIS Program (PI11/0551) and to JM from RETICS Program (RD08/0075/0011 and RD12/0009/0004 [RIER]) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (www.isciii.es). Measurement of IL-6 levels described in this article was supported by different research grants from Roche to IGA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewe

Functional specialization of different PI3K isoforms for the control of neuronal architecture, synaptic plasticity, and cognition

Neuronal connectivity and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity are fundamental properties that support brain function and cognitive performance. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signaling controls multiple mechanisms mediating neuronal growth, synaptic structure, and plasticity. However, it is still unclear how these pleiotropic functions are integrated at molecular and cellular levels. To address this issue, we used neuron-specific virally delivered Cre expression to delete either p110α or p110β (the two major catalytic isoforms of type I PI3K) from the hippocampus of adult mice. We found that dendritic and postsynaptic structures are almost exclusively supported by p110α activity, whereas p110β controls neurotransmitter release and metabotropic glutamate receptor–dependent long-term depression at the presynaptic terminal. In addition to these separate functions, p110α and p110β jointly contribute to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor–dependent postsynaptic long-term potentiation. This molecular and functional specialization is reflected in different proteomes controlled by each isoform and in distinct behavioral alterations for learning/memory and sociability in mice lacking p110α or p110β.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grants SAF2017-86983-R and PID2020-117651RB (to J.A.E.), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grants SAF2017-89116R-P (FEDER/EU) and PID2020-116184RB (to M.G.), Carlos III Institute of Health-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria grant PRB3 (IPT17/0019–ISCIII-SGEFI/ERDF, ProteoRed) and CIBERCV (to J.A.L.), Spanish Ministry of Economy postdoctoral contract IJCI-2015-25507 (to M.I.C.), Marie Curie cofund UAM-UE (EU project 713366) Intertalentum Postdoctoral Program (to V.B.), and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation predoctoral contracts (to C.S.-C., A.F.-R., and S.L.-G.). The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (grant CEX2020-001041-S funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)

Las tarjetas didácticas como estrategia para la enseñanza del sustrato náhuatl en los estudiantes de 10mo grado de la preparatoria de la Unan-Managua

En el presente trabajo de investigación se estará abordando el tema siguiente las tarjetas didácticas, como estrategia para la enseñanza del sustrato náhuatl en estudiantes de décimo grado de la preparatoria de la Unan-Managua, se cree que influirá de manera positiva en el aprendizaje de los orígenes de las palabras usadas como sustrato náhuatl, utilizando como puente las tarjetas didácticas, la cual será una metodología mucho más llamativa y divertida para los estudiantes. De esta manera se espera lograr mayor interés por conocer la herencia lingüística de la lengua náhuatl. Los motivos que impulsan este trabajo son el fomento de las tarjetas didácticas animadas como medio para rescatar el sustrato náhuatl de la variante dominante que la ha absorbido como el español estándar, por ello se decidió tomar este punto para mejorar el modo de enseñanza de los docentes en relación con el sustrato náhuatl, debido a que esta lengua forma parte de las características léxicas del español de Nicaragua por consiguiente es de vital importancia que los estudiantes conozcan la herencia que dejaron los pueblos indígenas

Assessing mammal trapping standards in wild boar drop-net capture

Applying contemporary trapping standards when managing wildlife should no longer be an option, but a duty. Increasing wild boar populations originate a growing number of conflicts and hunting is the only cost-effective management option in most cases. However, new scenarios where hunting is unfeasible emerge and trapping necessities cope with lacking regulatory frameworks and technical guidelines. In this research, we evaluated drop nets, a capture method not considered by the international trapping standards, to capture Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), a wildlife species not included in the list of mammal species under the scope of the Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (AIHTS). Less than 20% of the captured wild boars presented moderate or severe injuries attributable to the capture method, hence fulfilling the acceptance thresholds of the outdated AIHTS. Based on the new standards thresholds of acceptance, the humaneness of drop-nets in our study ranged 66-78%, under the 85% required. The capture success and selectivity were 100%, as ensured by operator-driven triggering, which should be considered the main strengths of this method, together with the minimization of animal suffering owing the short duration of the stressful situation. Additionally, in spite of the socially adverse environment, with people contrary to wild boar removal, no disturbances against the capture system or operations occurred. This is the first assessment of a drop-net capture method according to internationally accepted mammal trapping standards, with unconclusive results. However, there is a need for adapted procedures and thresholds of acceptance aimed at not-mechanical traps in general, and specifically at drop-nets. Compared to other live-capture methods, drop-nets minimize the duration of the stressful situation -at the expense of a strong adrenergic acute response-, maximize the probabilities of capturing entire sounders of prosocial species, which may be also considered as more humane, and has the ability to coordinate higher values of capture success, absolute selectivity and adaptability to difficult environments