Charakterisierung der in vivo Funktion niedrigaffiner Fc-Rezeptorgene in KO-Mausmodellen

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Don’t Touch! Using the NISER Method to Avoid Reaching the Space Envelope Limits of a Hexapod System

The main objective of any motion cueing algorithm is to represent the acceleration of a simulated aircraft as good as possible. The main constraint is the space envelope the motion system is able to reach. Reaching this limit inevitably leads to a sudden change of the current movement and the pilot faces an unexpected and therefore disturbing acceleration. As a consequence, any cueing algorithm has to be parametrized in a way to prevent the motion system from touching the limits of the usable space. If, for any reason, this is not possible e. g. due to inadequate pilot actions or unforeseen simulator operations a strategy to avoid false cues as good as possible needs to be implemented. This implies that the limits are known. Unfortunately, calculating the platform position by using a set of actuator lengths for a parallel robotic system like a hexapod motion ends up in an iterative process. Therefore, most current limiting functions refer to the actuator states to decide whether the platform is approaching a limit or not. The problem with this method is that reaching the limit of an actuator does not imply which degrees of freedom of the entire system are affected. In some cases, it is even not possible to decide which direction of a degree of freedom needs to be limited. In order to tackle this deficiency this paper proposes a non-iterative method to calculate the current space limits for all six degrees of freedom using the current platform position and the lengths of the fully extended and retracted actuators. Based on this information it is possible to restrict the movement of the motion in the affected degree of freedom in case the platform approaches a limit. Two limiting functions, one for translational and one for rotational degrees of freedom are given. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed limiting functions is demonstrated for a rejected take-off run due to an engine failure before the decision speed V1. This is both, a common and an aggressive maneuver for aircraft training simulator

One-Versus-Others Attention: Scalable Multimodal Integration

Multimodal learning models have become increasingly important as they surpass single-modality approaches on diverse tasks ranging from question-answering to autonomous driving. Despite the importance of multimodal learning, existing efforts focus on NLP applications, where the number of modalities is typically less than four (audio, video, text, images). However, data inputs in other domains, such as the medical field, may include X-rays, PET scans, MRIs, genetic screening, clinical notes, and more, creating a need for both efficient and accurate information fusion. Many state-of-the-art models rely on pairwise cross-modal attention, which does not scale well for applications with more than three modalities. For $n$ modalities, computing attention will result in $n \choose 2$ operations, potentially requiring considerable amounts of computational resources. To address this, we propose a new domain-neutral attention mechanism, One-Versus-Others (OvO) attention, that scales linearly with the number of modalities and requires only $n$ attention operations, thus offering a significant reduction in computational complexity compared to existing cross-modal attention algorithms. Using three diverse real-world datasets as well as an additional simulation experiment, we show that our method improves performance compared to popular fusion techniques while decreasing computation costs

The emergence of automaticity in reading: effects of orthographic depth and word decoding ability on an adjusted Stroop measure

Abstract Aims How long does it take for word reading to become automatic? Does the appearance and development of automaticity differ as a function of orthographic depth (e.g. French vs. English)? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal study of English and French beginning readers. The study focused on automaticity as obligatory processing as measured in the Stroop test. Method Measures of decoding ability and the Stroop effect were taken at three time points during the first grade (and 2nd grade in the UK) in 84 children. The study was the first to adjust the classic Stroop effect for inhibition (of distracting colors). Results The adjusted Stroop effect was zero in the absence of reading ability, and it was found to develop in tandem with decoding ability. After a further control for decoding, no effects of age or orthography were found on the adjusted Stroop measure. Conclusion The results are in line with theories of the development of whole word recognition that emphasize the importance of the acquisition of the basic orthographic code

Markedly Different Pathogenicity of Four Immunoglobulin G Isotype-Switch Variants of an Antierythrocyte Autoantibody Is Based on Their Capacity to Interact in Vivo with the Low-Affinity Fcγ Receptor III

Using three different Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-deficient mouse strains, we examined the induction of autoimmune hemolytic anemia by each of the four immunoglobulin (Ig)G isotype-switch variants of a 4C8 IgM antierythrocyte autoantibody and its relation to the contributions of the two FcγR, FcγRI, and FcγRIII, operative in the phagocytosis of opsonized particles. We found that the four IgG isotypes of this antibody displayed striking differences in pathogenicity, which were related to their respective capacity to interact in vivo with the two phagocytic FcγRs, defined as follows: IgG2a > IgG2b > IgG3/IgG1 for FcγRI, and IgG2a > IgG1 > IgG2b > IgG3 for FcγRIII. Accordingly, the IgG2a autoantibody exhibited the highest pathogenicity, ∼20–100-fold more potent than its IgG1 and IgG2b variants, respectively, while the IgG3 variant, which displays little interaction with these FcγRs, was not pathogenic at all. An unexpected critical role of the low-affinity FcγRIII was revealed by the use of two different IgG2a anti–red blood cell autoantibodies, which displayed a striking preferential utilization of FcγRIII, compared with the high-affinity FcγRI. This demonstration of the respective roles in vivo of four different IgG isotypes, and of two phagocytic FcγRs, in autoimmune hemolytic anemia highlights the major importance of the regulation of IgG isotype responses in autoantibody-mediated pathology and humoral immunity

Acute mountain sickness.

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a clinical syndrome occurring in otherwise healthy normal individuals who ascend rapidly to high altitude. Symptoms develop over a period ofa few hours or days. The usual symptoms include headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, unsteadiness of gait, undue dyspnoea on moderate exertion and interrupted sleep. AMS is unrelated to physical fitness, sex or age except that young children over two years of age are unduly susceptible. One of the striking features ofAMS is the wide variation in individual susceptibility which is to some extent consistent. Some subjects never experience symptoms at any altitude while others have repeated attacks on ascending to quite modest altitudes. Rapid ascent to altitudes of 2500 to 3000m will produce symptoms in some subjects while after ascent over 23 days to 5000m most subjects will be affected, some to a marked degree. In general, the more rapid the ascent, the higher the altitude reached and the greater the physical exertion involved, the more severe AMS will be. Ifthe subjects stay at the altitude reached there is a tendency for acclimatization to occur and symptoms to remit over 1-7 days

Sigma-Organyles and Pi-Complexes: Contributions to organometallic chemistry of platinum metals Pt, Rh and Ir

Gezielte Ligandenaustauschreaktionen bei Spezies des Typs [Pt(Me)(L^L)L] (L^L = cod, dmpe; L = Me, Halogen, Lösungsmittelmolekül) führen zur Bildung neuer Platinkomplexe der Art [Pt(Me)(SR)(L^L)] (R = Ph; L^L = cod 5, dmpe 12). Der Organoschwefel-Ligand verbrückt bei Anwesenheit des Schlüsselbausteines [Pt(Me)(L^L)L](BF4) (L^L = cod 4, dmpe 11; L = Lösungsmittelmolekül) zwei Organoplatinreste unter Ausbildung von neuartigen Sulfoniumkationen des Typs [{Pt(Me)(L^L)}2(µ-SR)](BF4) (R = Ph; L^L = cod 6, dmpe 14). Weiterführend werden diverse erfolglose Versuche beschrieben, einen dreikernigen Komplex des Typs [{Pt(Me)(L^L)}3(µ3-X)](BF4)n (L^L = cod, dmpe; X = S, n = 1; X = SR, n = 2) aufzubauen. Verbindungen, die eine [Pt(Me)(L^L)]-Einheit enthalten, zeigen eine katalytische Wirkung bei Thiolen. So wird z. B. Thiophenol in einer Redoxreaktion teilweise zu Diphenyldisulfid und H2 umgesetzt. Die thermische Reaktion von [Rh(Cp)(C2H4)(C4H6)] 17 in Gegenwart von 2-Butin (C4H6) und Benzol ermöglicht drastisch andere Produktgemisch-Verhältnisse als die bekannte photochemische Umsetzung. Während letztere hauptsächlich zur Butadien-artigen Spezies [Rh(Cp)(C4H6)2(C6H6)] 19 führt, liefert die energieärmere Reaktionsführung im Wesentlichen den Hexamethylbenzol-Komplex [Rh(Cp)(eta4-C6Me6)] 18. Ausgehend von Verbindung 18 beweisen detaillierte Untersuchungen den stufenweisen Aufbau der mehrkernigen syn-facial gebauten Spezies [{Rh(Cp)}n(µn-C6Me6)] (n = 2 20, 3 21). Die UV-Bestrahlung von [Rh(Ind)(C2H4)2] 22 bei Anwesenheit von 2-Butin mündet in einer Vielzahl neuer metallorganischer Komplexe: [Rh(Ind)(C2H4)(C4H6)] 23, [Rh(Ind)(eta4-C6Me6)] 24, [Rh(Ind)(C2H4)(C4H6)2] 25, [Rh3(Ind)3(C4H6)2] 26 sowie [Rh2(Ind)2(C4H6)2] 27 und [{Rh(Ind)}2(µ-C2H3)(µ-C4H7)] 28. Die Analysendaten der beiden letztgenannten (literaturbekannten) Spezies werden ergänzt. Auf dem Weg zu neuen halboffenen und offenen Rhodocenium- und Iridocenium-Verbindungen mit dem Liganden 2,4-Dimethylpentadienyl (C7H11) werden teilweise beachtliche Reaktivitäten festgestellt. So reagieren die relativ stabilen Spezies [M(C7H12)(Cp)] (M = Rh 30, Ir 39; C7H12 = 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadien) unter bestimmten milden Bedingungen mit dem Hydridabspaltungsreagenz [Ph3C](BF4) zu den neuen Komplexen [M(C7H11)(C5H4R)](BF4) (M = Rh, R = H 31, R = CPh3 32, M = Ir, R = H 40, R = CPh3 41) und [M(C7H13)(C5H3R2)](BF4) (M = Rh, R = CPh3 33, M = Ir, R = H 42). Mit den hochempfindlichen Verbindungen [M(C7H11)(C7H12)] (M = Rh 34, Ir 43) werden die ersten Neutralkomplexe dieser Metalle mit einem eta5-koordinierten C7H11-Liganden vorgestellt. Diese sollten unter den gleichen Bedingungen, die bei den gewünschten halboffenen Spezies 31 und 40 zum Erfolg führten, zu den offenen Zielmolekülen [M(C7H11)2](BF4) (M = Rh 35, Ir 44) reagieren. In sämtlichen Versuchen entzogen sich jedoch die offenbar sehr labilen Zielprodukte einer Isolierung durch ungeklärte Folgereaktionen und Zersetzung. Die synthetisierten Verbindungen wurden mittels MS, NMR und Elementaranalysen sowie in vier Fällen (5, 6, 32 und 40) durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.Directed ligand exchange reactions with species [Pt(Me)(L^L)L] (L^L = cod, dmpe; L = Me, halogen, solvent molecule) lead to new platinum complexes [Pt(Me)(SR)(L^L)] (R = Ph; L^L = cod 5, dmpe 12). The organosulphur-ligand bridges a present key substance [Pt(Me)(L^L)L](BF4) (L^L = cod 4, dmpe 11; L = solvent molecule) resulting in new sulphonium cations [{Pt(Me)(L^L)}2(µ-SR)](BF4) (R = Ph; L^L = cod 6, dmpe 14). Several unsuccessful experiments with the aim to synthesise triplatinum clusters of type [{Pt(Me)(L^L)}3(µ3-X)](BF4)n (L^L = cod, dmpe; X = S, n = 1; X = SR, n = 2) were reported as well. Substances containing a [Pt(Me)(L^L)] moiety show catalytic activities towards thiols, e. g., PhSH is partially converted to PhSSPh and H2 in a redox reaction. A thermal reaction of [Rh(Cp)(C2H4)(C4H6)] 17 with an excess of 2-butyne (C4H6) and benzene gives dramatically different product-ratios compared to the known photochemical reaction. The UV-radiation mainly produces the butadiene-like species [Rh(Cp)(C4H6)2(C6H6)] 19, but the low-energy pathway yields particularly the hexamethylbenzene-complex [Rh(Cp)(eta4-C6Me6)] 18. Detailed investigations starting with compound 18 prove the stepwise building scheme of multinuclear syn-facial species [{Rh(Cp)}n(µn-C6Me6)] (n = 2 20, 3 21). Treating the mixture of [Rh(Ind)(C2H4)2] 22 and excess 2-butyne with ultraviolet light results in a wide variety of new organometallic complexes: [Rh(Ind)(C2H4)(C4H6)] 23, [Rh(Ind)(eta4-C6Me6)] 24, [Rh(Ind)(C2H4)(C4H6)2] 25 and [Rh3(Ind)3(C4H6)2] 26 as well as [Rh2(Ind)2(C4H6)2] 27 and [{Rh(Ind)}2(µ-C2H3)(µ-C4H7)] 28. Analytical data of the last two already published compounds were completed. On route of trying to synthesise new half open and open rhodocenium- and iridocenium-complexes with ligand 2,4-dimethylpentadienyl (C7H11), we partially found amazing results. The relatively stable species [M(C7H12)(Cp)] (M = Rh 30, Ir 39; C7H12 = 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene) react with the hydride-withdrawing reagent [Ph3C](BF4) under mild conditions yielding new compounds [M(C7H11)(C5H4R)](BF4) (M = Rh, R = H 31, R = CPh3 32, M = Ir, R = H 40, R = CPh3 41) and [M(C7H13)(C5H3R2)](BF4) (M = Rh, R = CPh3 33, M = Ir, R = H 42). The highly sensitive complexes [M(C7H11)(C7H12)] (M = Rh 34, Ir 43) are the first neutral compounds of these metals coordinated with an eta5-C7H11-ligand. Those should be converted to the target open molecules [M(C7H11)2](BF4) (M = Rh 35, Ir 44) under the same conditions as the half open species 31 and 40. A broad range of studies were undertaken, nevertheless, we were unable to isolate the obviously labile target products because of side reactions and decomposition. All synthesised compounds were characterised by mass spectrometry, NMR, elemental analysis and in four cases (5, 6, 32 und 40) additionally by x-ray structure analysis

Polyester und Calciumphosphate als resorbierbare Biomaterialien

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in 2 Abschnitte mit den Titeln Knochenersatzmaterialien und Alkali-2-halogencarboxylate unterteilt, die thematisch beide in den Bereich der Biomedizinischen Materialforschung gehören. $\bf Knochenersatzmaterialien.$ Hier wird die Entwicklung eines neuen, pH-neutralen Kompositmaterials aus Poly($\alpha$-hydroxycarbonsäuren) und carbonathaltigem Calciumphosphat für den Knochenersatz beschrieben. Anwendung findet das Kompositmaterial in individuell geformten Schädelimplantaten, die durch eine eigens angepaßte Verfahrenskette gefertigt werden. $\bf Alkali-2-halogencarboxylate.$ Diese Substanzen sind die Ausgangsverbindungen einer neuen, festkörperchemischen Syntheseroute für Poly($\alpha$-hydroxycarbonsäuren). In dieser Arbeit wird speziell die Umsetzung von Alkali-2-halogenpropionaten zu Polylactid untersucht. Die poröse Struktur dieser festkörperchemisch synthetisierten Polyester macht sie besonders für den Einsatz in der kontrollierten Wirkstofffreisetzung interessant

Primitive elements in free algebras and a decomposition by the planar logarithm

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Analogon des Theorems von Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt für Operaden $Mag_{r}$ hergeleitet. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die Operaden $Mag_{r}$ eingeführt; diese werden frei durch n-stellige Operationen, 1 < r < n+1, erzeugt. Eine Vektorraumbasis der n-stelligen Operationen wird durch reduzierte planare Wurzelbäume mit n Blättern gegeben. Ferner werden die freien unitären $Mag_{r}$-Algebren $K(X)_{r}$ über einem Alphabet X in natürlicher Weise mit einer Hopf-Algebra Struktur versehen. Die Komultiplikation und ihr Dual, das planare Shuffle-Produkt, werden beschrieben. Es werden nicht-assoziative nicht-kommutative Exponential- und Logarithmusreihen eingeführt und anschließend Kriterien für die Primitivität von Elementen hergeleitet. Im zweiten Teil wird gezeigt, dass der Logarithmus der identischen Abbildung bezüglich des Konvolutionsprodukts eine Projektion auf die primitiven Elemente darstellt. Abschließend wird eine orthogonale Familie von Projektionen konstruiert, die die Algebren $K(X)_{r}$ PBW-artig zerlegt