153 research outputs found
Difficulty linking macro- and microlinguistic processes for narrative production following TBI
Get PDFSubstantial evidence has accumulated over the past 35 years suggesting deficient intersentential cohesion in the narrative discourse of many individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since Mentis and Prutting (1987) reported significantly fewer cohesive ties in the narratives of brain-injured versus normal speakers, a number of reports have replicated and expanded upon these findings (e.g., Coelho, Liles, & Duffy, 1995; Davis & Coelho, 2004; Hartley & Jensen, 1991; Liles, Coelho, Duffy, & Zalagans, 1989; Marini et al., 2011). At the same time, several studies have not found evidence of deficient intersentential cohesion in these adults (Coelho, 2002; Glosser & Deser, 1991; Hough & Barrow, 2003). It can be said then that the narratives produced by at least some speakers with TBI tend to show less adequate intersentential cohesion than that observed in normal speakers (Cannizzaro & Coelho, 2012; Coelho, 2007).
Variable microlinguistic impairment has also been observed in narrative discourse following TBI. Sentences produced by speakers with TBI have been reported to include more lexical and syntactic errors, increased mazes, more frequent pausing, and greater reductions in content when compared to normal speakers (Ellis & Peach, 2009; Glosser & Deser, 1991; Hartley & Jensen, 1991; Peach, 2013; Peach & Schaude, 1986; Stout, Yorkston, & Pimenthal, 2000). Such narratives also tend to be less efficient (i.e., lengthier and containing more words per maze) (Erlich, 1988; Hartley & Jensen, 1991; Stout et al., 2000) and less complex (Coelho, Grela, Corso, Gamble, & Feinn, 2005; Peach, Shapiro, Rubin, & Schaude, 1990) than those produced by normal speakers. Nonetheless, other studies have not found few, if any, such microlinguistic disturbances in speakers with TBI (Hough & Barrow, 2003; Marini et al., 2011).
It has been suggested that brain injury produces a dissociation between the macrolinguistic and microlinguistic components of narrative production (Glosser & Deser, 1991; Hough & Barrow, 2003) and thus, that the processing of discourse and the processing of sentences are based on different cognitive devices (Consentino, Adornetti, & Ferretti, 2013). Alternatively, it might be that the macrolinguistic structure of narratives produced by brain injured speakers is affected by their microlinguistic impairments (see, e.g., Boyle, 2011; Christiansen, 1995). Given the variable patterns that have been observed in the narratives of speakers with TBI, it may be that narrative production following TBI is the result of an effortful interaction between macrolinguistic and microlinguistic processes rather than dissociation of separate cognitive mechanisms. However, few studies exist that attempt to establish the connections between these different levels of language. As a result, there is little information available to describe how specific changes at either level may influence the processing of narrative discourse. Armstrong (2000) has suggested that cohesion analysis is one of the few methods which directly attempts to link the macro- and microlinguistic aspects of discourse. This study therefore investigated the relationship between intersentential cohesion and microlinguistic impairments in discourse produced by speakers with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Direct attention training treatment for reading impairments in mild aphasia: A replication
Get PDFNon-linguistic cognitive skills, such as attention and executive function, have recently become an area of focus in aphasia research. The present study, a replication of Coelho (2005), was designed to target complex attention skills for an individual with mild aphasia and reading difficulties. Treatment procedures were based on the Attention Process Training-II program (APT-II) (Sohlberg and Mateer, 2001). Reading rate and comprehension were monitored as outcome measures and compared to the performance of a non-brain-injured control. Results demonstrated improvements in attention skills and reading comprehension. These findings support the contention that attention training is a useful component of treatment programs for mild aphasia and reading impairments
An Investigation of the Communicative Use of Trained Symbols Following Multimodality Training
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The state of the Martian climate
Get PDF60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe
Get PDFThe preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the
dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for
life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront
of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early
evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The
Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed
plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE
is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity
neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream
of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed
as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research
Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in
Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at
Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino
charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet
cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can
accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional
combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and
potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility
for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around
the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program
of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of
LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics
worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will
possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for
LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a
comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the
landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate
and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure
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