Determinantes del trabajo infantil y la escolaridad : el caso del Valle del Cauca en Colombia

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: CompilationColombia, al igual que la mayoría de países latinoamericanos, consciente de las repercusiones sociales y económicas negativas del trabajo infantil, se ha comprometido en la lucha por la erradicación de este fenómeno. Prueba de ello es la ratificación por parte del gobierno colombiano en el año 2007, del Convenio 182 de la OIT sobre la Prohibición de las Peores Formas de Trabajo Infantil y la Acción Inmediata para su Eliminación. En el plano regional, como parte del Plan de Desarrollo del Departamento del Valle del Cauca 2008-2011, se está implementando actualmente una estrategia territorial de erradicación del trabajo infantil en sus 42 municipios. Considerando este panorama, este trabajo indaga cuáles son los determinantes del trabajo infantil y la escolaridad en el departamento del Valle a partir de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida del año 2003. Para el análisis se emplea un modelo econométrico Probit Bivariado, que permite el estudio conjunto e interrelacionado de decisiones diferentes, en este caso la asistencia escolar y el trabajo.A Colômbia, como a maioria dos países latino-americanos e consciente das repercussões sociais e econômicas negativas conseqüentes do trabalho infantil, se tem comprometida na luta para a erradicação deste fenômeno. Uma prova disso é a ratificação, da parte do governo colombiano no ano 2007, do Convênio 182 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho sobre a Proibição das Piores Formas de Trabalho Infantil e a Ação Imediata para sua Eliminação. No plano regional, como parte do Plano de Desenvolvimento do Departamento do Valle Del Cauca 2008-2011, se implementa atualmente uma estratégia territorial para a erradicação do trabalho infantil nas suas 42 municipalidades. Em conformidade com este panorama, este trabalho pesquisa sobre os determinantes do trabalho infantil e da escolaridade no Departamento do Valle Del Cauca a partir dos dados da Indagação Nacional de Qualidade de Vida do ano 2003. Para a análise, se usa um modelo econômico Probit Bivariado, que permite o estudo conjunto e inter-relacionado de decisões diferentes, neste caso a assistência escolar e o trabalho.Colombia, like most Latin American countries and being aware of the negative social and economic impact of child labor, has been committed to fight for the eradication of this phenomenon. This is evidenced by the Colombian government's ratification in 2007 of the ILO Convention 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action against the Worst Forms of Child Labor. At the regional level, as part of the Development Plan for the Department of Valle del Cauca 2008 -2011, the government is currently carrying out a strategy to eliminate child labor in its 42 municipalities. Taking this background into account, this paper investigates the determinants of child labor and school attendance in the Department of Valle, based upon the National Survey on the Quality of Life of 2003. The analysis employs a bivariate Probit econometric model that allows a joint and interrelated study of different decisions, in this case school attendance and labor

Co-existence of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Bacteria and Denitrifying Anaerobic Methane Oxidation Bacteria in Sewage Sludge: Community Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) have been recently discovered as relevant processes in the carbon and nitrogen cycles of wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the seasonal dynamics of ANAMMOX and DAMO bacterial community structures and their abundance in sewage sludge collected from wastewater treatment plants were analysed. Results indicated that ANAMMOX and DAMO bacteria co-existed in sewage sludge in different seasons and their abundance was positively correlated (P < 0.05). The high abundance of ANAMMOX and DAMO bacteria in autumn and winter indicated that these seasons were the preferred time to favour the growth of ANAMMOX and DAMO bacteria. The community structure of ANNAMOX and DAMO bacteria could also shift with seasonal changes. The "Candidatus Brocadia" genus of ANAMMOX bacteria was mainly recovered in spring and summer, and an unknown cluster was primarily detected in autumn and winter. Similar patterns of seasonal variation in the community structure of DAMO bacteria were also observed. Group B was the dominant in spring and summer, whereas in autumn and winter, group A and group B presented almost the same proportion. The redundancy analysis revealed that pH and nitrate were the most significant factors affecting community structures of these two groups (P < 0.01). This study reported the diversity of ANAMMOX and DAMO in wastewater treatment plants that may be the basis for new nitrogen removal technologies

Determinantes del trabajo infantil y la escolaridad: el caso del Valle del Cauca en Colombia

Colombia, al igual que la mayoría de países latinoamericanos, consciente de las repercusiones sociales y económicas negativas del trabajo infantil, se ha comprometido en la lucha por la erradicación de este fenómeno. Prueba de ello es la ratificación por parte del gobierno colombiano en el año 2007, del Convenio 182 de la OIT sobre la Prohibición de las Peores Formas de Trabajo Infantil y la Acción Inmediata para su Eliminación. En el plano regional, como parte del Plan de Desarrollo del Departamento del Valle del Cauca 2008-2011, se está implementando actualmente una estrategia territorial de erradicación del trabajo infantil en sus 42 municipios. Considerando este panorama, este trabajo indaga cuáles son los determinantes del trabajo infantil y la escolaridad en el departamento del Valle a partir de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida del año 2003. Para el análisis se emplea un modelo econométrico Probit Bivariado, que permite el estudio conjunto e interrelacionado de decisiones diferentes, en este caso la asistencia escolar y el trabajo.-I. Introducción. II. Aproximación a los modelos teóricos que se acercan al estudio del fenómeno del trabajo infantil. III. Algunos estudios referentes al trabajo infantil y su relación con la educación. IV. Metodología y planeamiento econométrico. V. Resultados. VI. Conclusiones. Lista de referencias

Observaciones sobre el gualapán (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: hispinae) y otras limitantes entomológicas en cultivos de chontaduro en el bajo anchicayá

Se realizaron observaciones y colectas sistemáticas desde enero a diciembre de 1996, en compañía de agricultores del Bajo Anchicayá, Valle (60-140 msnm, Bosque pluvial tropical, 24º C, precipitación mayor a 4000 mm). Alurnus sp, localmente llamado “gualapánâ€? o “llagaâ€?, puede afectar del 50 al 100% del follaje joven de la palma y en asocio circunstancial con curculionidos barrenadores del estipe conformar complejos letales (Rhynchophorus palmarum L., Dynamis borassi Fabr, Rhinostomus barbirostris Fabr., Metamasius hemipterus Fabr., y M. dasyurus Champion). Se aportan observaciones sobre la etiología, aspectos autoecológicos de la plaga y de los complejos entomológicos. Las limitaciones edáficas, desbalances nutricionales, sumados a prácticas agrícolas inadecuadas (escalamiento de palmas y uso descuidado de plaguicidas) contribuyen significativamente con la problemática entomológica, se propone un manejo con enfoque ecológico integral. ABSTRACT Observations on “Gualapanâ€? (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) and others entomological limitations chontaduro’s crops located in Bajo Anchicaya, Valle, Colombia.We did several observations and collect from January to December of 1996, with the help of local farmers of Bajo Anchicaya, Valle (altitude of 60 to 140 m.a.s.l., it’s a tropical rainforest, temperature 24 C, and rainfall is 4000 millimeters). Alurnus sp, named “Gualapanâ€? or “Soreâ€? by the local people, may affect from 50 to 100% of the palm’s foliage, and in rare cases with the help of curculionids could be a lethal partnership (Rhynchophorus palmarum L., Dynamis borassi Fabr, Rhinostomus barbirostris Fabr., Metamasius hemipterus Fabr., y M. dasyurus Champion). The edafologics limitants, nutritional imbalances, in conjunction with inappropriate agricultural practices (e.g.: escalade of palms trees and inappropriate use of pesticides) contribute enormously with this problem. An integrated ecological approach is proposed. Key words: Bactris gasipaes, Alurnus sp, Foliage’s plague, entomological complex, integrated approach, Pacific Coast, Colombia

Validación de dos activadores prebióticos en el desarrollo de terneras medias Ayrshire sobre los 3,000 m.s.n.m. en Sangolquí, Pichincha

The validation of two prebiotic activators in crossbred Ayrshire heifers was conducted in the province of Pichincha, Rumiñahui County, Rumipamba Parish, at 3,000 meters a.s.l. For the field phase, purebred Ayrshire heifers with an average age of 4 to 6 months old were studied and data on their weight, height and waist diameter increase, as well as their body capacity were measured every two weeks. An experimental design (DCA) with covariables, the age being the covariable, consisted of three treatments and five observations for each treatment. The experimental unit was the heifer. According to the analysis of variance conducted for each tested variable, there are no significant differences between treatments; however, for the analysis of the covariable (ANOVA), significant differences were detected for the interaction of each variable.En la provincia de Pichincha, cantón Rumiñahui, parroquia Rumipamba, sobre los 3,000 m.s.n.m., se llevó a cabo la validación de dos activadores prebióticos en terneras medias Ayrshire. Para la fase de campo se emplearon terneras puras con una edad de entre 4-6 meses de edad. Las variables dependientes fueron: e incremento de peso, altura, diámetro de cinchera y capacidad corporal; los datos se registraron cada 15 días. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con covariables, el mismo que estuvo conformado por tres tratamientos y cinco observaciones para cada tratamiento, cada ternera fue una unidad experimental. De acuerdo al análisis de varianza realizado para cada variable evaluada se observa que no existen diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos; pero para el análisis de la covariable el ANOVA detectó diferencias significativas para la interacción de cada variable

La discapacidad intelectual en la institución educativa Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento del municipio de Fusagasugá y la institución educativa el Cabildo de Miranda - Cauca

La discapacidad intelectual dentro de la ruralidad se analiza a la luz de las dinámicas educativas de la Institución Educativa Técnica Agropecuaria El cabildo en Miranda (Cauca) y la Institución Educativa Municipal Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento ubicada en Fusagasugá (Cundinamarca). Esta investigación nace de la necesidad que tienen los docentes frente a la falta de estrategias para abordar sus estudiantes en condición de discapacidad intelectual y su proceso de inclusión educativa bajo condiciones propias del sector rural; para tal fin se toma una muestra de 18 estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual pertenecientes a las dos instituciones y mediante una metodología cualitativa con enfoque acción se elabora el análisis de la situación de estos educandos en sus procesos de aprendizaje dentro del aula y sus habilidades, para proponer una estrategia acorde a los contextos estudiados y desde la atención a la diversidad en donde todos y cada uno de los educandos, incluidos los de discapacidad intelectual, hacen parte de ella y se contextualiza totalmente en las condiciones de la ruralidad.Intellectual disability within rurality is analyzed in the light of the educational dynamics of the Agricultural Technical Educational Institution the lobby in Miranda (Cauca) and the Luis Carlos Galan Sarmiento Municipal Educational Institution located in Fusagasugá (Cundinamarca). This research is born of the disabled students for teachers to address the lack of strategies to address their students in conditions of intellectual disability and their process of educational inclusion under conditions intellectual disability and its educational inclusion process under conditions specific to the rural sector; to this end, a sample of 18 students with intellectual disabilities belonging to the two institutions is taken and by means of a qualitative methodology with a descriptive approach the analysis of the situation of these learners in their processes of learning within the classroom and their skills is elaborated. to propose a strategy according to the contexts studied and from the attention to the diversity where each and every learner, including those with intellectual disabilities, is part of it and is fully contextualized in the conditions of rurality

Optimal Location and Sizing of PV Generation Units in Electrical Networks to Reduce the Total Annual Operating Costs: An Application of the Crow Search Algorithm

This study presents a master–slave methodology to solve the problem of optimally locating and sizing photovoltaic (PV) generation units in electrical networks. This problem is represented by means of a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model, whose objective function is to reduce the total annual operating costs of a network for a 20-year planning period. Such costs include (i) the costs of purchasing energy at the conventional generators (the main supply node in this particular case), (ii) the investment in the PV generation units, and (iii) their corresponding operation and maintenance costs. In the proposed master–slave method, the master stage uses the Discrete–Continuous version of the Crow Search Algorithm (DCCSA) to define the set of nodes where the PV generation units will be installed (location), as well as their nominal power (sizing), and the slave stage employs the successive approximation power flow technique to find the value of the objective function of each individual provided by the master stage. The numerical results obtained in the 33- and 69-node test systems demonstrated its applicability, efficiency, and robustness when compared to other methods reported in the specialized literature, such as the vortex search algorithm, the generalized normal distribution optimizer, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm. All simulations were performed in MATLAB using our own scripts

WITHDRAWN: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica como factor de riesgo cardiovascular

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy

La Imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia en los departamentos del Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar y Sucre

En el acompañamiento psicosocial en escenarios de violencia se ha desarrollado varias problemáticas en los contextos de violencia, donde se ha realizado una reflexión analítica desde el enfoque narrativo el caso de Amparo, video comisión de la verdad (2022, 13 de abril). Historias que retornan, y el caso Masacre en el Salado en el corregimiento el Carmen de Bolívar, relatos de resiliencia después de 20 años. (2020,11 de febrero), lo cual se da un análisis encontrando los emergentes psicosociales, los recursos de afrontamiento y la experiencia subjetiva de las víctimas, con el fin de facilitar la potenciación que se requiere en cada caso. En los relatos de vida propuestos se profundizan los hechos traumáticos donde se realizan unas preguntas orientadoras de manera colaborativa llevando la socialización, la contextualización al relato de Amparo. Comisión de la Verdad, lo cual narra su propia historia permitiendo conocer el empoderamiento y la transformación individual y colectiva frente a los hechos violentos vividos. Por otra parte, tenemos la experiencia de la Foto voz donde se realiza el proceso de lugares de comunidades que han vivido la violencia, por medio de la fotografía se reconoce la imagen narrativa que contribuye a los diferentes escenarios afectados y que a su vez se logra la reconstrucción social. Historias reales que marcan escenarios violentos a causa del poder adquisitivo de la fuerza de los grupos ilegales, generando una atención psicosocial prioritaria con la propuesta de estrategias que fortalezcan y brinden el acompañamiento a las víctimas con el objetivo de reparar sus vidas.In the diploma course to deepen psychosocial accompaniment in scenarios of violence,several problems have been developed in contexts of violence, where an analytical reflection hasbeen carried out from the narrative approach in the case of Amparo, video truth commission (2022, April 13 ). Stories that return, and the case of the Massacre in El Salado in the village of Carmen de Bolívar, stories of resilience after 20 years. (2020, February 11), in which an analysisis given finding the arising psychosocial points, the coping resources and the subjective experience of the victims, in order to facilitate the empowerment that is required in each case. In the proposed life stories, the traumatic events are further analyzed where some guiding questions are asked in a collaborative way, leading to socialization, contextualization to Amparo's story. Truth Commission, which narrates its own history allowing us to see the empowerment, individual and collective transformation in the face of the violent events that were experienced. On the other hand, we have the experience of the Photovoice where the process of places of communities that have experienced violence is carried out, through photography the narrative image that contributes to the different affected scenarios is recognized and, in turn, social reconstruction is achieved. Real stories that mark violent scenarios due to the purchasing power of the force ofillegal groups, generating priority psychosocial care with the proposal of strategies that strengthen and provide support to the victims with the aim of repairing their lives

Pyramidal core-shell quantum dot under applied electric and magnetic fields

We have theoretically investigated the electronic states in a core/shell pyramidal quantum dot with GaAs core embedded in AlGaAs matrix. This system has a quite similar recent experimental realization through a cone/shell structure [Phys. Status Solidi-RRL 13, 1800245 (2018)]. The research has been performed within the efective mass approximation taking into account position-dependent efective masses and the presence of external electric and magnetic felds. For the numerical solution of the resulting three-dimensional partial diferential equation we have used a fnite element method. A detailed study of the conduction band states wave functions and their associated energy levels is presented, with the analysis of the efect of the geometry and the external probes. The calculation of the non-permanent electric polarization via the of-diagonal intraband dipole moment matrix elements allows to consider the related optical response by evaluating the coefcients of light absorption and relative refractive index changes, under diferent applied magnetic feld confgurations