Environmental and Human Controls of Ecosystem Functional Diversity in Temperate South America

The regional controls of biodiversity patterns have been traditionally evaluated using structural and compositional components at the species level, but evaluation of the functional component at the ecosystem level is still scarce. During the last decades, the role of ecosystem functioning in management and conservation has increased. Our aim was to use satellite-derived Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs, patches of the land-surface with similar carbon gain dynamics) to characterize the regional patterns of ecosystem functional diversity and to evaluate the environmental and human controls that determine EFT richness across natural and human-modified systems in temperate South America. The EFT identification was based on three descriptors of carbon gain dynamics derived from seasonal curves of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI): annual mean (surrogate of primary production), seasonal coefficient of variation (indicator of seasonality) and date of maximum EVI (descriptor of phenology). As observed for species richness in the southern hemisphere, water availability, not energy, emerged as the main climatic driver of EFT richness in natural areas of temperate South America. In anthropogenic areas, the role of both water and energy decreased and increasing human intervention increased richness at low levels of human influence, but decreased richness at high levels of human influence

A Multi-Temporal Object-Based Image Analysis to Detect Long-Lived Shrub Cover Changes in Drylands

Climate change and human actions condition the spatial distribution and structure of vegetation, especially in drylands. In this context, object-based image analysis (OBIA) has been used to monitor changes in vegetation, but only a few studies have related them to anthropic pressure. In this study, we assessed changes in cover, number, and shape of Ziziphus lotus shrub individuals in a coastal groundwater-dependent ecosystem in SE Spain over a period of 60 years and related them to human actions in the area. In particular, we evaluated how sand mining, groundwater extraction, and the protection of the area affect shrubs. To do this, we developed an object-based methodology that allowed us to create accurate maps (overall accuracy up to 98%) of the vegetation patches and compare the cover changes in the individuals identified in them. These changes in shrub size and shape were related to soil loss, seawater intrusion, and legal protection of the area measured by average minimum distance (AMD) and average random distance (ARD) analysis. It was found that both sand mining and seawater intrusion had a negative effect on individuals; on the contrary, the protection of the area had a positive effect on the size of the individuals’ coverage. Our findings support the use of OBIA as a successful methodology for monitoring scattered vegetation patches in drylands, key to any monitoring program aimed at vegetation preservation

Social Learning for Facilitating Dialogue and Understanding of the Ecosystem Services Approach: Lessons from a Cross-Border Experience in the Alboran Marine Basin

Social learning (SL) appears to have considerable potential to enhance the impact of the ecosystem services approach (ESA) discourse on policy and society. However, empirical research to better understand the processes that support SL, the effects it generates, and the conditions that enable such learning is limited. This study assesses the ability of SL to enhance dialogue and understanding of the ESA to support transformative social change in governance practice in the Alboran Marine Basin. To do so, we conducted a specifically designed SL process oriented towards the ESA as a governance approach in this marine region. The SL process was developed through three interlinked workshops involving scientists, decision-makers and local users from Spain and Morocco, the two countries that share the governance of this social-ecological system. The results revealed that the SL process progressively facilitated (i) a more inclusive and constructive ecosystem services dialogue, (ii) a better understanding of the social-ecological system in which the actors were embedded, (iii) an enhanced recognition of science-policy-society complementarities to address sustainability issues, and (iv) a gradual social transformation towards more sustainable and equitable governance. Via the SL process, a variety of factors were identified as contributing to the creation of four relevant conditions that facilitated its successful operationalisation. These conditions included (i) the generation of trust and shared understanding, (ii) the facilitation of knowledge exchanges between actor groups across frontiers, (iii) the promotion of more democratic participation, and (iv) the co-production of practical outcomes. These contextual insights provided empirical evidence of the prominent role SL can play to enhance dialogue and understanding of the ESA for supporting its adoption as governance practice. On this basis, it is argued that operationalising SL in those processes focused on making the ESA relevant to policy and society is pivotal to its implementation in governance practice

Six Collective Challenges for Sustainability of Almería Greenhouse Horticulture

Globally, current food consumption and trade are placing unprecedented demand on agricultural systems and increasing pressure on natural resources, requiring tradeoffs between food security and environmental impacts especially given the tension between market-driven agriculture and agro-ecological goals. In order to illustrate the wicked social, economic and environmental challenges and processes to find transformative solutions, we focus on the largest concentration of greenhouses in the world located in the semi-arid coastal plain of South-east Spain. Almería family farming, predominantly cooperative, greenhouse intensive production, commenced after the 1960s and has resulted in very significant social and economic benefits for the region, while also having important negative environmental and biodiversity impacts, as well as creating new social challenges. The system currently finds itself in a crisis of diminishing economic benefits and increasing environmental and social dilemmas. Here, we present the outcomes of multi-actor, transdisciplinary research to review and provide collective insights for solutions-oriented research on the sustainability of Almeria’s agricultural sector. The multi-actor, transdisciplinary process implemented collectively, and supported by scientific literature, identified six fundamental challenges to transitioning to an agricultural model that aims to ameliorate risks and avoid a systemic collapse, whilst balancing a concern for profitability with sustainability: (1) Governance based on a culture of shared responsibility for sustainability, (2) Sustainable and efficient use of water, (3) Biodiversity conservation, (4) Implementing a circular economy plan, (5) Technology and knowledge transfer, and (6) Image and identity. We conclude that the multi-actor transdisciplinary approach successfully facilitated the creation of a culture of shared responsibility among public, private, academic, and civil society actors. Notwithstanding plural values, challenges and solutions identified by consensus point to a nascent acknowledgement of the strategic necessity to locate agricultural economic activity within social and environmental spheres.This paper demonstrates the need to establish transdisciplinary multi-actor work-schemes to continue collaboration and research for the transition to an agro-ecological model as a means to remain competitive and to create value

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Tipos funcionales de ecosistemas de la Península Ibérica: implicaciones para el cambio global y la conservación de la biodiversidad

El cambio global, a través de las modificaciones en el clima y en el uso del suelo, afectará de forma importante a la biodiversidad. El ecosistema se revela como una escala adecuada para el estudio de estas transformaciones. En este artículo presentamos los trabajos que actualmente estamos llevando a cabo para documentar los patrones espaciales y temporales en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas de la Península Ibérica mediante el empleo del Índice Verde Normalizado (NDVI) obtenido a partir de imágenes del satélite NOAA/AVHRR. Utilizamos tres atributos de las curvas estacionales de este Índice: la integral anual (NDVI-I), el rango relativo (RREL) y la época en que se alcanza el máximo (MMAX). Encontramos que el NDVI-I decreció gradualmente del NW al SE. Se identificaron dos grandes zonas: una con máximos de verano, baja estacionalidad y alta productividad correspondiente a la Región Eurosiberiana y las principales cadenas montañosas mediterráneas; y el resto del territorio con mayor estacionalidad y productividad y máximos en las otras estaciones del año. Ningún ecosistema fue poco productivo y estable (es decir, muy bajo NDVI-I y muy bajo RREL), y sólo se presentaron situaciones de alta productividad y alta estacionalidad (alto NDVI-I y alto RREL) en Pirineos y Picos de Europa

Ecosystem functioning and geographic conservation priorities assessment

En este artículo mostramos el potencial de técnicas de teledetección, basadas en la descripción de atributos funcionales de los ecosistemas, para la resolución de cuestiones propias de la biología de la conservación. Para ello se presentan los análisis realizados para la evaluación de la representatividad de las redes de áreas protegidas de España y Uruguay. En dichos estudios se partió de la identificación del espacio funcional (aproximación en continuo) definido por los valores que la vegetación natural de cada país muestra para dos atributos derivados de índices de vegetación espectrales (IV). Dichos índices fueron, la media de IV (IV-I), un estimador de la fracción de radiación fotosintéticamente activa absorbida por el canopeo), y el RREL, un estimador de la estacionalidad en la intercepción de la radiación. El espacio funcional así identificado constituye una forma rápida de describir la variabilidad ecosistémica completa de la región de referencia frente a la cual evaluar la representatividad de las redes, ya que las variables empleadas para ello están relacionadas con la respuesta que los ecosistemas muestran frente al gradiente ambiental completo de una región,. De esta manera, mediante una metodología común, los análisis no sólo identifican los parques comunes o singulares protegidos de cada país, sino que también permiten obtener una visión rápida de los huecos existentes en ambas redes y qué tan redundantes o complementarios son en el contexto nacional del funcionamiento ecosistémico.This article shows the potential of remote sensing techniques, based on the descriptions of ecosystem functional attributes, to solve classical questions of conservation biology. We present an analysis aimed to evaluate how the protected area networks in two countries, Spain and Uruguay, represent the national ecosystems diversity. First, we identified the functional space (continuum approach) of natural vegetation in each country, using two functional attributes derived from vegetation indices (VI), mean VI (VI-I) and relative range (RREL). The VI-I is an estimator of the fraction of photosynthetic active radiation absorbed by the canopy, and the RREL is a surrogate of the seasonality of radiation interception. The functional space defined in this way constitutes a rapid way to describe the whole ecosystems variability within a region. Moreover, it allows the evaluation of the representation of the network, as the used variables are related to ecosystems’ response to the regional environmental gradient. Thus, this methodology identifies not only the common and singular protected areas in each country, but also the gaps in the network, and how redundant or complementary are the protected areas in the national context of ecosystem functioning.Junta de Andalucía (FPDI2000 -BOJA140/2000 y los proyectos RNM1280 y RNM1288), Secretaría de Estado de Universidades e Investigación del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales (Proyecto: Efectos del cambio global sobre el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas de la Red de Parques Nacionales Españoles: Impactos recientes y desarrollo de un sistema de seguimiento), Agencia Española de Cooperación Iberoamericana (Red temática para la evaluación del impacto de los cambios globales (vs locales) en el funcionamiento ecosistémico), Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente, Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente, Uruguay, Grupo de Investigación Ecología de Zonas Áridas de la Universidad de Almería