PENGARUH PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD), DANA BAGI HASIL (DBH, DANA ALOKASI UMUM (DAU) DAN DANA ALOKASI KHUSUS (DAK) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis Pengaruh pendapatan asli daerah, dana bagi hasil, dana alokasi umum, dan dana alokasi khusus terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di kabupaten minahasa tenggara. Dianalisis secara sendiri-sendiri pengaruh masing-masing variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen maupun dianalisis secara bersama-sama. Menurut Suparmoko Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD). berasal dari pendapatan asli daerah itu sendiri, pembagian pendapatan asli daerah, dana perimbangan keuangan antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah, pinjaman daerah, dan pendapatan lainnya yang sah. Adapun PAD terdiri dari pajak dan retribusi daerah, keuntungan perusahaan milik daerah, hasil pengelolaan kekayaan daerah, dan lain-lain pendapatan asli daerah. Dana bagi hasil (DBH) adalah dana yang bersumber dari APBN, sedangakan menurut UU no 32 2004 dana alokasi umum (DAU) adalah dana yang bersumber dari APBN bertujuan untuk pemerataan keuangan antar daerah. Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) menurut undang-undang nomor 25 tahun 1999, DAK dialoksikan dari APBN pada daerah tertentu untuk membiayai kebutuhan khusus tergantung pada ketersediaan dana APBN. PAD, DBH,DAU dan DAK dalam pembiayaan pembangunan mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yaitu penelitian ilmiah yang sistematis menggunakan data sekunder dari berbagai instansi terkait sedangkan metode analisis menggunakan analissis regresi berganda. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah PAD, DBH, DAU dan DAK berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekononomi di Minahasa tenggara jika di analisis secara parsial selanjutnya jika di analisis secara simultan maka PAD, DBH, DAU dan DAK berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap perekonomian di minahasa tenggara. Kata Kunci: Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Dana Bagi Hasil, Dana Alokasi Umum, Dana Alokasi Khusus, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi ABSTRACTThe economic growth of Southeast Minahasa Regency is moving in a more dynamic direction and is an impact of the significant development of PAD, DBH, DAU, and DAK. Economic growth in Southeast Minahasa Regency ranges from 6% -7% annually. This study aims to prove empirically the effect of local revenue, revenue sharing, general allocation funds and special allocation funds on economic growth. This study took the population of Southeast Minahasa Regency. From the Library Research and Internet Research method, it was obtained 135 villages in 12 districts in Southeast Minahasa Regency as samples during the period 2008 - 2017. The analysis uses the multiple regression analysis method. This model tests the direct effect of local revenue (PAD), revenue sharing. (DBH), General Allocation Fund (DAU) and Special Allocation Fund (DAK) for Economic Growth. This model shows that the effect of local revenue (PAD) has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The effect of Revenue Sharing (DBH) has a positive but insignificant effect on economic growth. The effect of the General Allocation Fund (DAU) has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The effect of the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) has a positive but insignificant effect on economic growth. Furthermore, jointly / simultaneously Local Original Income (PAD), Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH), General Allocation Fund (DAU) and Special Allocation Fund (DAK) have a positive and significant effect on Economic Growth in Southeast Minahasa Regency. Keywords: Original Local Revenue, Profit Sharing Fund, General Allocation Fund, Special Allocation

Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the airways

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to inflammation and remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protect against lung damage in animal models of COPD. It is unknown whether these effects occur through attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction in airway cells. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs (iPSC-MSCs) on oxidative stress-induce mitochondrial dysfunction in human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) in vitro and in mouse lungs in vivo. METHODS: ASMCs were co-cultured with iPSC-MSCs in the presence of cigarette smoke medium (CSM), and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and apoptosis were measured. Conditioned media from iPSC-MSCs and trans-well co-cultures were used to detect any paracrine effects. The effect of systemic injection of iPSC-MSCs on airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in ozone-exposed mice was also investigated. RESULTS: Co-culture of iPSC-MSCs with ASMCs attenuated CSM-induced mitochondrial ROS, apoptosis and ΔΨm loss in ASMCs. iPSC-MSC-conditioned media or trans-well co-cultures with iPSC-MSCs reduced CSM-induced mitochondrial ROS but not ΔΨm or apoptosis in ASMCs. Mitochondrial transfer from iPSC-MSCs to ASMCs was observed after direct co-culture and was enhanced by CSM. iPSC-MSCs attenuated ozone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation in mouse lungs. CONCLUSION: iPSC-MSCs offered protection against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in human ASMCs and in mouse lungs, whilst reducing airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. These effects are, at least partly, dependent on cell-cell contact that allows for mitochondrial transfer, and paracrine regulation. Therefore, iPSC-MSCs show promise as a therapy for oxidative stress-dependent lung diseases such as COPD

Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats

Rats i.p. injected once with 10 mg/kg kainic acid exhibited clear seizure behavior (“wet-dog shakes,” rearing on the hindlimbs, and bilateral clonus). Pretreatment with L-arginine (L-Arg twice a day for 5 days) significantly decreased these manifestations. The medium dose of L-Arg (40 mg/kg) was found to be close to optimum; 10 and 160 mg/kg L-Arg provided much smaller positive effects. In KA-treated rats, a much higher density of GFAP positive astrocytes was found in the hilus of the dorsal hippocampus, while 40 mg/kg L-Arg+KA-treated rats demonstrated noticeably weaker GFAP overexpression. The results of Western blotting analysis were fully comparable with those obtained in the immunostaining experiments.Поведінка щурів, яким внутрішньоочеревинно ін’єкували 10 мг/кг каїнової кислоти (КК), характеризувалася вираженими проявами судом, „струшуваннями мокрого собаки”, вставанням на задні кінцівки та білатеральним клонусом. Попередні введення L-аргініну (L-Aрг) двічі на день протягом п’яти днів забезпечували істотне зменшення інтенсивності таких проявів. Було виявлено, що доза L-Aрг 40 мг/кг є близькою до оптимальної; дози 10 та 160 мг/кг справляли менш виражену позитивну дію. У щурів, яким уводили КК, у хілусі дорсального гіпокампа спостерігалася більш висока щільність астроцитів, імунопозитивних щодо гліального фібрилярного кислого білка (GFAР), у той час як у щурів, котрим уводили КК сумісно із 40 мг/кг L-Арг, експресія GFAP була виражена в помітно меншій мірі. Результати досліджень з використанням Вестерн-блотингу були повністю співставними з даними, отриманими в експериментах з імуногістологічним міченням

Caveolin-1 protects B6129 mice against Helicobacter pylori gastritis.

Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a scaffold protein and pathogen receptor in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic infection of gastric epithelial cells by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a major risk factor for human gastric cancer (GC) where Cav1 is frequently down-regulated. However, the function of Cav1 in H. pylori infection and pathogenesis of GC remained unknown. We show here that Cav1-deficient mice, infected for 11 months with the CagA-delivery deficient H. pylori strain SS1, developed more severe gastritis and tissue damage, including loss of parietal cells and foveolar hyperplasia, and displayed lower colonisation of the gastric mucosa than wild-type B6129 littermates. Cav1-null mice showed enhanced infiltration of macrophages and B-cells and secretion of chemokines (RANTES) but had reduced levels of CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Cav1-deficient human GC cells (AGS), infected with the CagA-delivery proficient H. pylori strain G27, were more sensitive to CagA-related cytoskeletal stress morphologies ("humming bird") compared to AGS cells stably transfected with Cav1 (AGS/Cav1). Infection of AGS/Cav1 cells triggered the recruitment of p120 RhoGTPase-activating protein/deleted in liver cancer-1 (p120RhoGAP/DLC1) to Cav1 and counteracted CagA-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements. In human GC cell lines (MKN45, N87) and mouse stomach tissue, H. pylori down-regulated endogenous expression of Cav1 independently of CagA. Mechanistically, H. pylori activated sterol-responsive element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1) to repress transcription of the human Cav1 gene from sterol-responsive elements (SREs) in the proximal Cav1 promoter. These data suggested a protective role of Cav1 against H. pylori-induced inflammation and tissue damage. We propose that H. pylori exploits down-regulation of Cav1 to subvert the host's immune response and to promote signalling of its virulence factors in host cells

Automatic Detection of Malignant Masses in Digital Mammograms Based on a MCET-HHO Approach

Digital image processing techniques have become an important process within medical images. These techniques allow the improvement of the images in order to facilitate their interpretation for specialists. Within these are the segmentation methods, which help to divide the images by regions based on different approaches, in order to identify details that may be complex to distinguish initially. In this work, it is proposed the implementation of a multilevel threshold segmentation technique applied to mammography images, based on the Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) algorithm, in order to identify regions of interest (ROIs) that contain malignant masses. The method of minimum cross entropy thresholding (MCET) is used to select the optimal threshold values for the segmentation. For the development of this work, four mammography images were used (all with presence of a malignant tumor), in their two views, craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO), obtained from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). Finally, the ROIs calculated were compared with the original ROIs of the database through a series of metrics, to evaluate the behavior of the algorithm. According to the results obtained, where it is shown that the agreement between the original ROIs and the calculated ROIs is significantly high, it is possible to conclude that the proposal of the MCET-HHO algorithm allows the automatic identification of ROIs containing malignant tumors in mammography images with significant accuracy.Digital image processing techniques have become an important process within medical images. These techniques allow the improvement of the images in order to facilitate their interpretation for specialists. Within these are the segmentation methods, which help to divide the images by regions based on different approaches, in order to identify details that may be complex to distinguish initially. In this work, it is proposed the implementation of a multilevel threshold segmentation technique applied to mammography images, based on the Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) algorithm, in order to identify regions of interest (ROIs) that contain malignant masses. The method of minimum cross entropy thresholding (MCET) is used to select the optimal threshold values for the segmentation. For the development of this work, four mammography images were used (all with presence of a malignant tumor), in their two views, craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO), obtained from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). Finally, the ROIs calculated were compared with the original ROIs of the database through a series of metrics, to evaluate the behavior of the algorithm. According to the results obtained, where it is shown that the agreement between the original ROIs and the calculated ROIs is significantly high, it is possible to conclude that the proposal of the MCET-HHO algorithm allows the automatic identification of ROIs containing malignant tumors in mammography images with significant accuracy

In-home solid fuel use and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional analysis of the Shanghai Putuo study

Background: Although recent research evidence suggests an association between household air pollution from solid fuel use, such as coal or biomass, and cardiovascular events such as hypertension, little epidemiologic data are available concerning such exposure effects on cardiovascular endpoints other than hypertension. We explored the association between in-home solid fuel use and self-reported diagnoses of cardiovascular endpoints, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and diabetes. Methods: We analyzed 14,068 Chinese adults, aged 18 years and older. Odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models for the risk of each outcome after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The use of solid fuel in home was significantly associated with an increased risk for hypertension (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.07), CHD (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.53 to 4.32), and diabetes (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.59 to 3.86), after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with individuals in the lowest tertile of the duration of solid fuel exposure, those in the highest tertile of the duration of solid fuel exposure had an increased odds of hypertension (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.06), stroke (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.38), and diabetes (OR 3.18, 95% CI 2.11 to 4.78). Conclusions: Our data suggest that in-home solid fuel exposure maybe associated with increased risk for hypertension, CHD, stroke, and diabetes in the Chinese adult population. Further large-scale longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings

Transverse-momentum-dependent Multiplicities of Charged Hadrons in Muon-Deuteron Deep Inelastic Scattering

A semi-inclusive measurement of charged hadron multiplicities in deep inelastic muon scattering off an isoscalar target was performed using data collected by the COMPASS Collaboration at CERN. The following kinematic domain is covered by the data: photon virtuality $Q^{2}>1$ (GeV/$c$)$^2$, invariant mass of the hadronic system $W > 5$ GeV/$c^2$, Bjorken scaling variable in the range $0.003 < x < 0.4$, fraction of the virtual photon energy carried by the hadron in the range $0.2 < z < 0.8$, square of the hadron transverse momentum with respect to the virtual photon direction in the range 0.02 (GeV/$c)^2 < P_{\rm{hT}}^{2} < 3$ (GeV/$c$)$^2$. The multiplicities are presented as a function of $P_{\rm{hT}}^{2}$ in three-dimensional bins of $x$, $Q^2$, $z$ and compared to previous semi-inclusive measurements. We explore the small-$P_{\rm{hT}}^{2}$ region, i.e. $P_{\rm{hT}}^{2} < 1$ (GeV/$c$)$^2$, where hadron transverse momenta are expected to arise from non-perturbative effects, and also the domain of larger $P_{\rm{hT}}^{2}$, where contributions from higher-order perturbative QCD are expected to dominate. The multiplicities are fitted using a single-exponential function at small $P_{\rm{hT}}^{2}$ to study the dependence of the average transverse momentum $\langle P_{\rm{hT}}^{2}\rangle$ on $x$, $Q^2$ and $z$. The power-law behaviour of the multiplicities at large $P_{\rm{hT}}^{2}$ is investigated using various functional forms. The fits describe the data reasonably well over the full measured range.Comment: 28 pages, 20 figure

Medulloblastoma and ependymoma cells display levels of 5-carboxylcytosine and elevated TET1 expression

Background Alteration of DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) patterns represents one of the causes of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Tet proteins can oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Although the roles of these oxidised forms of 5mC (oxi-mCs) in cancer pathogenesis are still largely unknown, there are indications that they may be involved in the mechanisms of malignant transformation. Thus, reduction of 5hmC content represents an epigenetic hallmark of human tumours and, according to our recent report; 5caC is enriched in a proportion of breast cancers and gliomas. Nevertheless, the distribution of oxi-mCs in paediatric brain tumours has not been assessed. Findings Here we analyse the global levels and spatial distribution of 5hmC and 5caC in 4 brain tumour cell lines derived from paediatric sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway activated medulloblastomas (Daoy and UW228-3) and ependymomas (BXD-1425EPN and DKFZEP1NS). We show that, unlike HeLa cells, the paediatric tumour cell lines possess both 5hmC and 5caC at immunochemically detectable levels, and demonstrate that both modifications display high degrees of spatial overlap in the nuclei of medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Moreover, although 5hmC levels are comparable in the 4 brain tumour cell lines, 5caC staining intensities differ dramatically between them with highest levels of this mark in a subpopulation of DKFZ-EP1NS cells. Remarkably, the 5caC enrichment does not correlate with 5hmC levels and is not associated with alterations in Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) expression in SHH medulloblastoma and ependymoma cell lines, but corresponds to elevated levels of TET1 transcript in UW228-3 and DKFZ-EP1NS cells. Conclusions We demonstrate that both 5caC enrichment and elevated TET1 expression are observed in SHH medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Our results suggest that increased Tet-dependent 5mC oxidation may represent one of the epigenetic signatures of cancers with neural stem cell origin and, thus, may contribute to development of novel approaches for diagnosis and therapy of the brain tumours

Mutant K-ras oncogene regulates steroidogenesis of normal human adrenocortical cells by the RAF-MEK-MAPK pathway

The result of our previous study has shown that the K-ras mutant (pK568MRSV) transfected human adrenocortical cells can significantly increase cortisol production and independently cause cell transformation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the active K-ras oncogene on the cortisol production in normal human adrenocortical cells. First we used isopropyl thiogalactoside to induce the inducible mutant K-ras expression plasmid, pK568MRSV, in the stable transfected human adrenocortical cells. The result showed that the increase of RasGTP levels in transfected cells was time-dependent after isopropyl thiogalactoside induction. Additionally, results from Western blot analysis revealed significant elevation in phosphorylation of c-Raf-1 and Mitogen-activated protein kinase. We also detected the levels of mRNA encoding Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450SCC), 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450c17) and 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) were increased in human adrenocortical cells transfected with mutant K-ras after IPTG treatment. The increase of mRNA amount in P450scc P450c17 and 3βHSD and the elevation of cortisol level were inhibited with a pretreatment of PD098059, a specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor. In our previous report, we proved that lovastatin, a pharmacological inhibitor of p21ras function, also reversed the increase of cortisol level in mutant K-ras stably transfected human adrenocortical cells. Taken together, these findings proved that the active mutant Ras enhanced not only cell proliferation but also steroidogenesis in steroidogenic phenotype cells by activating Raf-MEK-MAPK related signal transduction pathway. Therefore, we believe that K-ras mutants influence regulation of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells through RAF-MEK-MAPK pathway

Herbal Medicines for Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

OBJECTIVE: We conducted systematic review to evaluate current evidence of herbal medicines (HMs) for Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: Along with hand searches, relevant literatures were located from the electronic databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycInfo, CNKI, 7 Korean Medical Databases and J-East until August, 2010 without language and publication status. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomized controlled trials and randomized crossover trials, which evaluate HMs for idiopathic PD were selected for this review. Two independent authors extracted data from the relevant literatures and any disagreement was solved by discussion. RESULTS: From the 3432 of relevant literatures, 64 were included. We failed to suggest overall estimates of treatment effects on PD because of the wide heterogeneity of used herbal recipes and study designs in the included studies. When compared with placebo, specific effects were not observed in favor of HMs definitely. Direct comparison with conventional drugs suggested that there was no evidence of better effect for HMs. Many studies compared combination therapy with single active drugs and combination therapy showed significant improvement in PD related outcomes and decrease in the dose of anti-Parkinson's drugs with low adverse events rate. CONCLUSION: Currently, there is no conclusive evidence about the effectiveness and efficacy of HMs on PD. For establishing clinical evidence of HMs on PD, rigorous RCTs with sufficient statistical power should be promoted in future