Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Pedogenesis and relict properties of soils with columnar structure from Roraima, north Amazonia

A toposequence of soils with columnar structure in the Paricarana catchment (Roraima State, north Amazonia) was studied. The soils occur within the driest part of tropical Amazonia. The two soils in the lower positions are magnesic, as well as sodic, displaying columnar structural peds. The upper slope position is calcium-saturated, associated with dry forest, whilst the the Mg/Na affected soils are associated with xerophytic savanna. The whole toposequence is being progressively acidified and leached (the solodization process), from the upper slope position to a maximum at the bottom of the toposequence. In spite of the high amounts of total Na,O in all three soils due to the presence of Na-plagioclase, the exchangeable level is concentrated in the lower slope positions, thus creating abrupt changes between the columnar Bt and the overlying A and E horizons. Morphologically, the resulting structural patterns of columnar peds are thought to reflect the effects of exchangeable magnesium plus sodium, more than sodium itself. The little variability in total amounts combined with large variability in the exchange levels suggest that differential redistribution of Na and Mg by overland-flow, throughflow and groundwater fluctuations is responsible for such Na/Mg accumulation in the bottom of the landscape. The present climatic regime, although seasonal, ought not to favour the presence of sodium/magnesium affected soils in this part of Amazonia. They possibly represent relict soils from former semiarid climates in north Amazonia, showing features of the degradation process currently underway

A proxy for snow cover and winter ground surface cooling: mapping Usnea sp. communities using high resolution remote sensing imagery (Maritime Antarctica)

Usnea sp. formations show a spatial distribution coinciding with wind-exposed locations on rock knobs or sedimentary bodies, while they are commonly absent from concave sites. Field collection of georeferenced ground truthing data in the Meseta Norte (Fildes Peninsula, Maritime Antarctica) and the application of supervised classification techniques over a summer high resolution QuickBird satellite scene showed excellent classification accuracy for the different landcover types. The results show that Usnea formation distribution maps are a viable proxy for areas with less snow during the cold season. Such an approach provides input for permafrost and active layer modelling since snow acts as a critical control on ground surface heat balance. Since snow mapping is extremely difficult in Maritime Antarctica our tested approach provides important added-value for empirical–statistical modelling of permafrost distribution.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Phytogeographical patterns of dry forests sensu stricto in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil

The Deciduous Complex that occurs in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, raises questions about the floristic affinities of these formations in relation to neighboring phytogeographical domains. Little is known about the identity of the seasonal forest formations that comprise this complex, or about its relationships to abiotic components, such as soils, topography and climate. This study aimed to recognize the patterns of floristic similarity of all studied fragments of dry forest of northern Minas Gerais with soil and climate attributes, based on the available database. Cluster analysis indicated the existence of two floristic groups that had clear associations with either the Koppen's BSh (semi-arid) or Aw (seasonal tropical) climates. Likewise, the subdivisions of these groups showed clear associations with the dominant soil classes in the region. The Red-Yellow Latosol is the dominant soil classes in the BSh climatic domain, seconded by alluvial areas associated with Fluvic Neosols. The Aw domain comprised a much varied set of soils: Nitosols, Argisols, Cambisols and Litholic Neosols, most derived from the Bambu&#237; limestone/slate formation. The ecotonal nature of northern Minas Gerais State provides a complex interaction between the flora of neighboring phytogeographical domains. This, allied to pedogeomorphological factors, allowed a better understanding of the effects of late Quaternary climate changes for the Deciduous Complex evolution. We conclude that the Latosols under present-day semi-arid climates (BSh) are relicts of former wetter climates, during which humid forest (semideciduous) expansion took place. Later, these semideciduous forests were subjected to a much drier climate, when selection for deciduousness led to the present-days Deciduous Complex scenario

Al-/Fe-(hydr)oxides–organic carbon associations in Oxisols — From ecosystems to submicron scales

Al-/Fe(hydr)oxides accumulation upon weathering favors soil organic carbon (SOC) protection into mineral-organic associations (MOAs). Paradoxically, tropical ecosystems on highly weathered soils are characterized by high turnover rates of SOC. Our objective was to propose an explanation for such apparent contradiction by inferring the chemical composition of MOAs in Oxisols. To this end, we compiled a large data set from 43 published articles providing chemical and physical properties of 179 Oxisols/Ferralsols and their SOC content in the A horizon. Thermal analysis (TA) coupled to evolved gas detection (EGD) was used to assess mineral dehydroxylation and SOC oxidation in two soils with contrasting SOC content. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was used to probe MOAs within the soil fraction < 53 μm. At large scales, SOC content was strongly correlated to Al extractable by both ammonium oxalate (AO) (r = 0.71) and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) (r = 0.41). Weaker, but significant correlations occurred for SOC against Fe-AO and Fe-DCB (r = 0.38, and r = 014, respectively). At micro-scale, SOC also was found associated to Al-/Fe-(hydr)oxides, as inferred from the STEM imaging. TA-EGD indicated that with increasing SOC content, proportionally more organic matter was oxidized following the dehydroxylation of Al-/Fe-(hydr)oxides at temperatures < 400 °C. Within the first 20 cm of the topsoil of the Oxisols included in our data set, Al-AO explained 62% of the total variation in SOC. However, while SOC content varied from 0.8 up to 145.8 g kg− 1 soil, Al-AO varied between 0.2 and 15.3 g kg− 1 soil. From the perspective of mineral control on SOC retention, reactive species of Al-(hydr)oxides should interact with a disproportionally large amount of organic matter. Because mineral protection is seemingly reduced upon increasing C content in MOAs, SOC in Oxisols may be more vulnerable to environmental changes than currently recognized

Preliminary evaluation of acid mine drainage in Minas Gerais State, Brazil Avaliação preliminar de drenagem ácida no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Mining in the State of Minas Gerais-Brazil is one of the activities with the strongest impact on the environment, in spite of its economical importance. Amongst mining activities, acid drainage poses a serious environmental problem due to its widespread practice in gold-extracting areas. It originates from metal-sulfide oxidation, which causes water acidification, increasing the risk of toxic element mobilization and water resource pollution. This research aimed to evaluate the acid drainage problem in Minas Gerais State. The study began with a bibliographic survey at FEAM (Environment Foundation of Minas Gerais State) to identify mining sites where sulfides occur. Substrate samples were collected from these sites to determine AP (acidity potential) and NP (neutralization potential). The AP was evaluated by the procedure of the total sulfide content and by oxygen peroxide oxidation, followed by acidity titration. The NP was evaluated by the calcium carbonate equivalent. Petrographic thin sections were also mounted and described with a special view to sulfides and carbonates. Based on the chemical analysis, the acid-base accounting (ABA) was determined by the difference of AP and NP, and the acid drainage potential obtained by the ABA value and the total volume of material at each site. Results allowed the identification of substrates with potential to generate acid drainage in Minas Gerais state. Altogether these activities represent a potential to produce between 3.1 to 10.4 billions of m³ of water at pH 2 or 31.4 to 103.7 billions of m³ of water at pH 3. This, in turn, would imply in costs of US$7.8 to 25.9 millions to neutralize the acidity with commercial limestone. These figures are probably underestimated because some mines were not surveyed, whereas, in other cases, surface samples may not represent reality. A more reliable state-wide evaluation of the acid drainage potential would require further studies, including a larger number of samples. Such investigations should consider other mining operations beyond the scope of this study as well as the kinetics of the acid generation by simulated weathering procedures.<br>A despeito da importância econômica de atividades mineralógicas para o estado de Minas Gerais, perceber-se que elas causam significativo impacto ao ambiente. Drenagem ácida é um dos aspectos ambientais considerados pela atividade em função de seus impactos. Ela tem origem a partir da oxidação de sulfetos metálicos que acidificam as águas, com possibilidade de mobilizar elementos tóxicos e poluir os recursos hídricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma avaliação preliminar do problema em Minas Gerais. O trabalho teve início a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico junto a Fundação Estadual de Meio Ambiente (FEAM) para identificar minerações cujo minério está associado a sulfetos. Amostras dos substratos foram retiradas para determinar o potencial de acidez (AP) e de neutralização (NP). AP foi avaliado por dois procedimentos: pelo teor total de sulfetos e pela oxidação com peróxido seguida da titulação ácida. O NP foi avaliado pelo teor equivalente de carbonato de cálcio. Lâminas petrográficas foram preparadas para a descrição mineralógica com ênfase em sulfetos e carbonatos. O balanço ácido-base (ABA) foi determinado pela diferença entre AP e NP, enquanto o potencial de geração de águas ácidas foi obtido pelo valor de ABA e o volume total de material de cada atividade minerária. Os resultados permitiram identificar quatro substratos com potencial para gerar drenagem ácida no estado de Minas Gerais. Juntas, estes materiais representam um potencial de geração de cerca 3,14 a 10,37 bilhões de metros cúbicos de água a pH 2,0 ou 31,4 a 103,7 bilhões de metros cúbicos de água a pH 3,0. Estes valores significam custos entre US$ 7,8 e 25,9 milhões para neutralizar a acidez com o uso de calcário. Estas estimativas são provavelmente subavaliadas, uma vez que algumas minerações não foram incluídas no levantamento e, para outras, as amostras superficiais podem não representar a realidade. Uma avaliação mais rígida do potencial de drenagem ácida em nível estadual requer estudos futuros. Estes estudos precisariam incluir um número maior de amostras e mineradoras não incluídas neste trabalho. Eles poderiam considerar, ainda, a cinética de geração de acidez por meio de procedimentos de intemperismo simulado

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Observation of WWWWWW Production in pppp Collisions at s\sqrt s =13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

International audienceThis Letter reports the observation of $WWW$ production and a measurement of its cross section using 139 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with two same-sign leptons (electrons or muons) and at least two jets, as well as events with three charged leptons, are selected. A multivariate technique is then used to discriminate between signal and background events. Events from $WWW$ production are observed with a significance of 8.0 standard deviations, where the expectation is 5.4 standard deviations. The inclusive $WWW$ production cross section is measured to be $820 \pm 100\,\text{(stat)} \pm 80\,\text{(syst)}$ fb, approximately 2.6 standard deviations from the predicted cross section of $511 \pm 18$ fb calculated at next-to-leading-order QCD and leading-order electroweak accuracy