Los criterios aplicados en el DRAE 2014 a los extranjerismos crudos: revisión crítica

La publicación de una nueva edición del Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE) suele provocar tanto en el usuario como en el estudioso de la lengua múltiples preguntas sobre los cambios que la Real Academia introduce. Dado que en 2014 ve la luz la 23.ª edición de este diccionario, me planteo aquí revisar qué sucede en ella con un grupo de lemas que, según lo establecido en los diccionarios académicos desde 2001, se presentan en cursiva: los extranjerismos crudos, caracterizados por no atenerse a las normas gráfico-fonológicas del español, y cuyo número asciende en el nuevo diccionario a 344. Partiendo de algunos criterios fijados en el preámbulo del DRAE (los referidos a los extranjerismos y a las variantes), mi objetivo es valorar cómo se aplican en el cuerpo de la obra y si se logra un tratamiento coherente de estas palabras. Al mismo tiempo, comparo las dos últimas ediciones del DRAE atendiendo a esos parámetros. El análisis nos lleva a ver que sigue siendo difícil entender las razones por las que Academia elige la cursiva o la redonda en determinados lemas, dificultad incrementada por la ausencia de información sobre su pronunciación. Además, aumentan los extranjerismos que remiten a una adaptación o a un equivalente. En cuanto a las variantes, se aprecian ciertos cambios en la elección de la forma preferida.A new edition of the Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE) usually raises numerous questions, both among the language user and the language scholar, about the changes that the Real Academia introduces. In this paper I examine a group of lemmas in italics, as established in academic dictionaries from 2001 up to the 23rd edition of the DRAE in 2014: the raw foreign words, characterized by not following the graphic-phonic rules of Spanish, the number of which increases to 344 in the new dictionary. On the basis of certain criteria set out in the preamble to the DRAE (those related to foreign words and variants), my aim is to assess how they are applied in the body of work and if a consistent treatment of these words is achieved. Simultaneously, I compare the latest two editions of DRAE in respect of these parameters. The analysis demonstrates that it remains diffi cult to understand the reasons why the Academy chooses to use italics or roman in certain lemmas, a difficulty increased by the lack of information on their pronunciation. Furthermore, there is an increase in foreign words that refer to an adaptation or to an equivalent. As for variants, some changes in the choice of the preferred form are observed

Necrobiosis lipoidica developing within a surgical scar in a non-diabetic patient: Type III Koebner phenomenon (isomorphic response), Wolf's isotopic response or Ruocco's immunocompromised cutaneous district?

Sir, Necrobiosis lipoidica is a chronic granulomatous disease typically associated with diabetes mellitus. We report a case of necrobiosis lipoidica occurring in a surgical scar in a non-diabetic patient. We found only nine previous reports of necrobiosis lipoidica appearing after trauma or in surgical scars, as a manifestation of Type III Koebner phenomenon. Most of these were in diabetic patients..

An extensive K-bentonite as an indicator of a super-eruption in northern Iberia 477 My ago

Zircon and monazite ID-TIMS U-Pb dating of four Lower Ordovician altered ash-fall tuff beds (K-Bentonites) in NW Iberia provided coetaneous ages of 477.5±1, 477±1.3 Ma, 477.2±1.1 Ma and 477.3±1 Ma, with a pooled concordia age of 477.2±0.74 Ma. A conservative estimation of the volume and mass of the studied K-bentonite beds (using data from the Cantabrian Zone) returns a minimum volume for the preserved deposits of ca. 37.5 km3 (Volcanic Explosivity Index - VEI = 6, Colossal). When considering other putative equivalent beds in other parts of Iberia and neighbouring realms the volume of ejecta associated to this event would make it reach the Supervolcanic-Apocalyptic status (VEI=8, >1000 km3). Contrary to most cases of this kind of gargantuan eruption events, the studied magmatic event took place in relation to continental margin extension and thinning and not to plate convergence. We speculate that a geochronologically coincident large caldera event observed in the geological record of NW Iberia could be ground zero of this super-eruption

Обширные отложения K-бентонитов как индикатор супервзрыва в северной Иберии на уровне 477 миллионов лет назад

Zircon and monazite ID-TIMS U-Pb dating of four Lower Ordovician altered ash-fall tuff beds (K-Bentonites) in NW Iberia provided coetaneous ages of 477.5±1, 477±1.3 Ma, 477.2±1.1 Ma and 477.3±1 Ma, with a pooled concordia age of 477.2±0.74 Ma. A conservative estimation of the volume and mass of the studied K-bentonite beds (using data from the Cantabrian Zone) returns a minimum volume for the preserved deposits of ca. 37.5 km3 (Volcanic Explosivity Index - VEI = 6, Colossal). When considering other putative equivalent beds in other parts of Iberia and neighboring realms the volume of ejecta associated to this event would make it reach the Supervolcanic-Apocalyptic status (VEI=8, >1000 km3). Contrary to most cases of this kind of gargantuan eruption events, the studied magmatic event took place in relation to continental margin extension and thinning and not to plate convergence. We speculate that a geochronologically coincident large caldera event observed in the geological record of NW Iberia could be ground zero of this super-eruption

Revisión bioestratigráfica de las pizarras del Ordovícico Medio en el noroeste de España (zonas Cantábrica, Asturoccidental-leonesa y Centroibérica septentrional)

A complete review of more than one hundred Middle Ordovician fossil localities, distributed within the north western part of the Hesperian Massif, shows that the sedimentation of the dark shales (Luarca Fo rmation and equivalents) that overlie Arenig quartzites with Cruziana (the 'Armorican Quartzite' facies) was not as uniform as it has been supposed for the whole NW Spain. These shales were mainly deposited during the Oretanian in the West Asturian-Leonese Zone and in nort h e rn Central-Iberian Zone (Domain of the Ollo de Sapo Antiform). In these zones, the top of the unit is close to the Oretanian/Dobrotivian boundary, without any fossils with proved Dobrotivian age. In the Cantabrian Zone, clay sedimentation started in the latest Oretanian and continued during the Dobrotivian. Several local or regional stratigraphic gaps are proposed and characterized for the whole study area. In addition, the most recent paleog e ographical reconstructions proposed are discussed, in accordance with new paleoecological and paleobiog e ographical data. These data indicate that sedimentation took place in open shelf areas, relative ly deeper than in the southern Central Iberian shelf, and with trough areas where some mesopelagic elements are recorded. We identified a total of 97 different fossil taxa (67 from Oretanian rocks and 45 from Dobrotivian rocks), remarkable among which are the first known appearance of certain trilobites and ostracodes, the latest record of other taxa, and also the presence of some taxa in common with Avalonia and Baltica, that were previously unknown from any area of SW Europe

Hydrological Variability In Chilean Altiplano Lakes during the Last Millennia

Peer Reviewe

Tafonomía y cronología de la asociación de micromamíferos de la Cueva del Estrecho (Villares del Saz, Cuenca, España)

La Cueva del Estrecho (Villares del Saz, Cuenca) es un yacimiento arqueo-paleontológico holoceno prácticamente inédito hasta la fecha. Se han estudiado en torno a 970 restos fósiles craneales pertenecientes a 14 taxones de micromamíferos (roedores, lagomorfos, eulipotiflos y quirópteros), procedentes del paquete sedimentario situado en la entrada de la cueva. Una datación (14C-AMS) realizada sobre hueso arroja una antigüedad de 2311-2154 años cal. BP para la asociación de micromamíferos. El estudio tafonómico realizado ha puesto de manifiesto la existencia de una elevada frecuencia de elementos digeridos en la muestra (≥ 70%), que en algunos en algunos casos alcanzan el grado extremo. Además, se han identificado fragmentos de oprolitos adheridos a numerosos restos óseos y dentarios, así como dentición digerida de gazapos. Por todo ello puede afirmarse que el origen de la asociación fue la depredación por parte demamíferos carnívoros, probablemente mustélidos

Volcanism and climate change as drivers in Holocene depositional dynamic of Laguna del Maule (Andes of central Chile – 36° S)

Late Quaternary volcanic basins are active landscapes from which detailed archives of past climate and seismic and volcanic activity can be obtained. A multidisciplinary study performed on a transect of sediment cores was used to reconstruct the depositional evolution of the high-elevation Laguna del Maule (LdM) (36∘ S, 2180 m a.s.l., Chilean Andes). The recovered 5 m composite sediment sequence includes two thick turbidite units (LT1 and LT2) and numerous tephra layers (23 ash and 6 lapilli). We produced an age model based on nine new 14C AMS dates, existing 210Pb and 137Cs data, and the Quizapú ash horizon (1932 CE). According to this age model, the relatively drier Early Holocene was followed by a phase of increased productivity during the mid-Holocene and higher lake levels after 4.0 ka cal BP. Major hydroclimate transitions occurred at ca. 11, 8.0, 4.0 and 0.5 ka cal BP. Decreased summer insolation and winter precipitation due to a southward shift in the southern westerly winds and a strengthened Pacific Subtropical High could explain Early Holocene lower lake levels. Increased biological productivity during the mid-Holocene (∼8.0 to 6.0 ka cal BP) is coeval with a warm–dry phase described for much of southern South America. Periods of higher lake productivity are synchronous to a higher frequency of volcanic events. During the Late Holocene, the tephra layers show compositional changes suggesting a transition from silica-rich to silica-poor magmas at around 4.0 ka cal BP. This transition was synchronous with increased variability of sedimentary facies and geochemical proxies, indicating higher lake levels and increased moisture at LdM after 4.0 ka cal BP, most likely caused by the inception of current El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (ENSO–PDO) dynamics in central Chile.Postprin

Lectura y coherencia textual (análisis de un texto narrativo)

Los autores proponen la Lingüística Textual para un reenfoque de las actividades de análisis de texto en la enseñanza. Como modelo de aplicación de esa propuesta se expone un caso de análisis textual de una nanación en el que se localizan los mecanismos de coherencia y se generan preguntas de control y ejercicios para que el alumno desarrolle estrategias de lectura

VISUAL PPINOT: A Graphical Notation for Process Performance Indicators

Process performance indicators (PPIs) allow the quantitative evaluation of business processes, providing essential information for decision making. It is common practice today that business processes and PPIs are usually modelled separately using graphical notations for the former and natural language for the latter. This approach makes PPI definitions simple to read and write, but it hinders maintenance consistency between business processes and PPIs. It also requires their manual translation into lower-level implementation languages for their operationalisation, which is a time-consuming, error-prone task because of the ambiguities inherent to natural language definitions. In this article, Visual ppinot, a graphical notation for defining PPIs together with business process models, is presented. Its underlying formal metamodel allows the automated processing of PPIs. Furthermore, it improves current state-of-the-art proposals in terms of expressiveness and in terms of providing an explicit visualisation of the link between PPIs and business processes, which avoids inconsistencies and promotes their co-evolution. The reference implementation, developed as a complete tool suite, has allowed its validation in a multiple-case study, in which five dimensions of Visual ppinot were studied: expressiveness, precision, automation, understandability, and traceability