Fuentes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés-competitivo en nadadores

La presente investigación de tipo descriptivo transversal tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el estrés precompetitivo de 123 nadadores mexicanos de categoría master. La edad de los participantes osciló entre los 36 y 92 años de edad. El instrumento utilizado para recoger la información fue el cuestionario FUSIES (fuentes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés), este se aplicó antes de iniciar una competencia nacional perteneciente al serial master de natación. El instrumento midió la percepción del estrés, bajo una escala tipo Likert de 1= nunca y 5 = extremo, con alfa de Cronbach de .95. Entre los principales resultados se observó un nivel normal bajo de estrés (M = 2.307 ± .5) en los nadadores; las fuentes que generan mayor estrés son la injusticia de autoridades (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), mucho tráfico (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) y no tener dinero (M = 3.28 ± 1.2). A su vez, los síntomas de estrés con mayor puntaje en los nadadores es la preocupación (M = 2.96 ± 1.08), la tensión en la espalda (M = 2.62 ± 1.2) y el tartamudeo (M = 2.34 ± 1.3). En lo relativo a las estrategias de afrontamiento que aplican con mayor frecuencia los nadadores son: ejercitarse (M = 3.59 ± 1.35), buscar la solución del problema (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) y pensar positivamente (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Concluyendo que el pensar positivamente, les permite reducir sus niveles de preocupación, inseguridad y desesperación pre competitiva, por lo que se asume que los niveles de estrés percibidos se encuentran en un nivel moderado.This transversal descriptive research aimed to characterize the stress-precompetitive 123 swimmer's category Mexican master. The age of participants ranged between 36 and 92 years old. The instrument used to collect information was the questionnaire FUSIES (sources, symptoms and stress coping strategies), this was applied before starting a master serial belonging to national swimming competition. The instrument measures perceived stress, under a Likert scale from 1 = never and 5 = extreme, with Cronbach's alpha of .95. Among the main results normal low stress (M = 2,307 ± 0.5) was observed in swimmers; sources that generate greater stress are the injustice of authorities (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), a lot of traffic (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) and no money (M= 3.28 ± 1.2). In turn, symptoms of stress with the highest score in swimmers is Concern (M= 2.96 ± 1.08), the back strain (M= 2.62 ± 1.2) and stuttering (M= 2.34 ± 1.3). Regarding coping strategies most frequently applied swimmers are: exercise (M= 3.59 ± 1.35), finding the solution (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) and think positively (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Think positively concluding that allows them to reduce their levels of concern, insecurity and desperation pre-competitive, so it is assumed that levels of perceived stress are at a moderate level.Esta pesquisa descritiva transversal objetivou caracterizar a 123 nadadores o estresse pré-competitiva na natação master mexicana. A idade dos participantes variou entre 36 e 92 anos de idade. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de informações foi o FUSIES (fontes, sintomas e estratégias de confronto do estresse), este foi aplicado antes de iniciar um serial master da competição nacional de natação. O instrumento mediu o estresse percebido com a escala de Likert de 1 = nunca e 5 = sempre, com alfa de Cronbach 0,95. Entre os principais resultados o nível normail-baixo de estresse (M = 2,307 ± 0,5) foi observada nos nadadores; fontes que geram uma maior estresse são a injustiça das autoridades (M = 3,70 ± 1,2), tráfego (M = 3,48 ± 1,1) e não ter dinheiro (M = 3,28 ± 1,2). Por sua vez, sintomas de estresse com o maior número de pontos em nadadores é a preocupação (M = 2,96 ± 1,08), a tensão nas costas (M = 2,62 ± 1,2) e tartamudez (M = 2,34 ± 1,3). No que diz respeito as estratégias de confronto mais frequentemente aplicada pelos nadadores são fazer exercício (M = 3,59 ± 1,35), procurar a solução do problema (M = 3,51 ± 1,35) e pensamento positivo (M = 3,51 ± 1,31). Concluindo que o pensamento positivo, permite-lhes reduzir os seus níveis de preocupação, insegurança e desespero pré competitivo, por isso, assumese que os níveis de estresse percebido estão em um nível moderado

Sun exposure and knowledge about skin care of physical educators

El propósito del estudio fue identificar los hábitos de exposición solar y conocimientos del cuidado de la piel de profesionales de la educación física en México. Fue un estudio descriptivo transversal probabilístico por selección al azar con un margen de error del 7%, con una muestra de 131 docentes (98 hombres y 33 mujeres). El instrumento para el levantamiento de datos fue un cuestionario autogestivo validado dividido en tres categorías: sociodemográficas, hábitos de exposición solar y conocimientos del cuidado de la piel. Entre los principales hallazgos se constata los deficientes hábitos de cuidado de la piel de los educadores físicos, aun conociendo el riesgo y los peligros de la exposición, no utilizan la indumentaria básica y las cremas de protección solar recomendada por los organismos internacionales. Se concluye considerar a este grupo profesional en alta vulnerabilidad por su contante exposición al sol, así como, promover campañas de información integrales que fomenten la revisión médica constante de la piel, el uso adecuado de la ropa y las cremas de protección solar.The study aimed to identify the sun exposure habits and knowledge of Physical Education professionals in Mexico. A cross-sectional descriptive study by random selection with a margin of error of 7%, was designed on a sample of 131 teachers (98 men and 33 women). Participants answered a validated self-completed questionnaire divided into sociodemographic categories, sun exposure habits, and skin care knowledge. The findings suggest the poor skin care habits of physical education professionals even knowing the risk and dangers of exposure. They not using the essential clothing recommended by international organizations, using very few and misapply it sunscreen creams. It is concluded to this professional group is considered highly vulnerable and promote comprehensive information campaigns that encourage constant medical review of the skin and proper use of clothing and sun protection creams

Condiciones para el desarrollo de Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae para el control biológico de chapulín frijolero

El chapulín frijolero (Brachystola magna Girard), es un problema en la zona temporalera del estado de Chihuahua, ya que afecta más del 60 % de la superficie sembrada anualmente. Para su control se emplean insecticidas organofosforados y cebos envenenados (CESAVECH, 2001); sin embargo, su uso excesivo ha provocado resistencia de la plaga, acumulación de residuos en el medio ambiente y daños a la flora y fauna silvestre benéfica. Como una alternativa de control biológico se considera el uso de organismos benéficos, que pueden ser incorporados al manejo integrado de plagas, sin efectos nocivos para el medio ambiente y la salud del hombre y los animales (Jiménez 1998). En este trabajo se estudiaron las condiciones óptimas (medio de cultivo, luz y temperatura) para el desarrollo de los aislamientos nativos de hongos entomopatógenos Beauveria bassiana (Bb001) y Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma002), con el fin de utilizarlas en la regulación de la población del chapulín frijolero. Los aislamientos se evaluaron en siete medios de cultivo y siete temperaturas. La mayor esporulación se observó en el medio SDAY. El aislamiento Bb001 mostró el mayor crecimiento en AHM. El crecimiento y esporulación fueron mayores bajo oscuridad continua y a una temperatura de 25 °C. Por otro lado, Ma002 mostró mayor crecimiento en SDA, mayor crecimiento en oscuridad continua, mayor esporulación con luz continua y la temperatura óptima fue de 30 °C. Los resultados mostraron que pueden controlarse adecuadamente las variables ambientales en el laoboratorio, para la reproducción de los hongos B. bassiana (Bb001) y M. anisopliae (Ma002), aislamientos prometedores como una alternativa de control biológico. Abstract The bean grasshopper (Brachystola magna Girard) is a problem in the temporal zone of Chihuahua, because affects above 60 % of the annually sown surface. Organophosphate insecticides and poisoned baits are used to control this insect (CESAVECH, 2001); however, their excessive use has led to pesticide resistance, residues accumulation in the environment affecting beneficial wild flora and fauna. The use of benefical organisms is an alternative of biological control to be incorporated in any integrated pest management. It does not have effects to the environment, nor produce damage on health of men and animals (Jiménez, 1998). In this research, the environmental conditions were studied (culture medium, light and temperature effect), which are suitable for the development of native isolates of entomopathogenic fungus Bauveria bassiana (Bb001) y Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma002). The environmental control is important to regulate growth of bean grasshopper population in temporal region of Chihuahua state. The isolates were evaluated in seven culture mediums and seven temperatures. The greatest isolates sporulation was observed in SDAY. The isolate Bb001 had the best growth in AHM. Isolates growth and sporulation were better under continuos darkness and at 25 °C temperature. On the other hand, Ma002 showed the best growth in SDA, and under continuos darkness; however, the highest sporulation was observed under continuos light and at 30 °C temperature. The results demostrated that lab environmental variables can be controled for growth and development of entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, which are promising isolates as an alternative of biological control. Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungus, biological control, beneficial organisms, culture mediums, Brachystola magna, bio insecticides

Management Implications of the Biodiversity and Socio-Economic Impacts of Shrimp Trawler By-Catch in Bahía de Kino, Sonora, México

The shrimp fishery is the most economically important fishery in Mexico. The trawler-based portion of this fishery results in high rates of by-catch. This study quantifies and describes the biodiversity of by-catch associated with trawling in the Bahía de Kino region of Sonora, Mexico. Data were collected from 55 trawls, on six boats, over 14 nights, during November of 2003, 2004, 2006–2009. By-catch rates within trawl samples averaged 85.9% measured by weight. A total of 183 by-catch species were identified during the course of this study, including 97 species of bony fish from 43 families, 19 species of elasmobranchs from 12 families, 66 species of invertebrates from eight phyla, and one species of marine turtle; seven of the documented by-catch species are listed on the IUCN Red List, CITES, or the Mexican NOM-059-ECOL-2010; 35 species documented in the by-catch are also targeted by local artisanal fishers. Some of the species frequently captured as juveniles in the by-catch are economically important to small-scale fishers in the region, and are particularly sensitive to overexploitation due to their life histories. This study highlights the need for further research quantifying the impacts of high levels of by-catch upon small-scale fishing economies in the region and presents strong ecological and economic rationale for by-catch management within the shrimp fishery of the Gulf of California. Site-specific by-catch management plans should be piloted in the Bahía de Kino region to address the growing momentum in national and international fisheries policy regimes toward the reduction of by-catch in shrimp fisheries

Increased 5-HT3-mediated signalling in pelvic afferent neurons from mice deficient in P2X2 and/or P2X3 receptor subunits

Extracellular ATP and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are both involved in visceral sensory pathways by interacting with P2X and 5-HT3 receptors, respectively. We have investigated the changes in P2X and 5-HT3-mediated signalling in pelvic afferent neurons in mice deficient in P2X2 and/or P2X3 subunits by whole-cell recording of L6–S2 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and by multi-unit recording of pelvic afferents of the colorectum. In wildtype DRG neurons, ATP evoked transient, sustained or mixed (biphasic) inward currents. Transient currents were absent in P2X3−/− neurons, whereas sustained currents were absent in P2X2−/− DRG neurons. Neither transient nor sustained currents were observed following application of ATP or α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP) in P2X2/P2X3Dbl−/− DRG neurons. 5-HT was found to induce a fast inward current in 63% of DRG neurons from wildtype mice, which was blocked by tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. The percentage of DRG neurons responding to 5-HT was significantly increased in P2X 2−/−, P2X3−/− and P2X2/P2X3Dbl−/− mice, and the amplitude of 5-HT response was significantly increased in P2X2/P2X3Dbl−/− mice. The pelvic afferent response to colorectal distension was attenuated in P2X2/P2X3Dbl−/− mice, but the response to serosal application of 5-HT was enhanced. Furthermore, tropisetron resulted in a greater reduction in pelvic afferent responses to colorectal distension in the P2X2/P2X3Dbl−/− preparations. These data suggest that P2X receptors containing the P2X2 and/or P2X3 subunits mediate purinergic activation of colorectal afferents and that 5-HT signalling in pelvic afferent neurons is up-regulated in mice lacking P2X2 or P2X3 receptor genes. This effect is more pronounced when both subunits are absent

Anti-Hu antibodies activate enteric and sensory neurons.

IgG of type 1 anti-neuronal nuclear antibody (ANNA-1, anti-Hu) specificity is a serological marker of paraneoplastic neurological autoimmunity (including enteric/autonomic) usually related to small-cell lung carcinoma. We show here that IgG isolated from such sera and also affinity-purified anti-HuD label enteric neurons and cause an immediate spike discharge in enteric and visceral sensory neurons. Both labelling and activation of enteric neurons was prevented by preincubation with the HuD antigen. Activation of enteric neurons was inhibited by the nicotinic receptor antagonists hexamethonium and dihydro-β-erythroidine and reduced by the P2X antagonist pyridoxal phosphate-6-azo (benzene-2,4-disulfonic acid (PPADS) but not by the 5-HT3 antagonist tropisetron or the N-type Ca-channel blocker ω-Conotoxin GVIA. Ca(++) imaging experiments confirmed activation of enteric neurons but not enteric glia. These findings demonstrate a direct excitatory action of ANNA-1, in particular anti-HuD, on visceral sensory and enteric neurons, which involves nicotinic and P2X receptors. The results provide evidence for a novel link between nerve activation and symptom generation in patients with antibody-mediated gut dysfunction

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the PPVT-III as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. PPVT-III scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Paraguay. Models showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ≤12 years in all countries, except for Cuba, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Sex affected scores for Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Spain. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the PPVT-III when used in pediatric populations

Shortened Version of the Token Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Shortened Version of the Token Test in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the Shortened Version of the Token Test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Shortened Version of the Token Test total scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that score increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Models showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher score compared to children whose parents had a MLPE ≤12 years in Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Spain. The child’s sex did not have an effect in the Shortened Version of the Token Test total score for any of the countries. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the Shortened Version of the Token Test when used in pediatric populations