ANALYSIS OF JOHN RAWLS PERSPECTIVE OF JUSTICE VALUE ON BARTER MARKET IN LAMALERA VILLAGE

This journal examines how justice takes place in the barter market in Lamalera village from the perspective of justice John Rawls. There are values of justice that occur in the barter market in Lamalera village which has become a sacred value that has been believed for generations. According to John Rawls, the principle of equality states that everyone has the same right to the most basic basic freedoms, as wide as the same freedoms for all people. Or in other words everyone has the same rights to the whole system of equal human rights and is accessed by everyone. This principle regulates the application of rights and obligations and regulates the distribution of social and economic benefits. The principle of equality of fairness makes all social arrangements lead peaceful lives. The barter market in Lamalera village shows how justice and family values are created. The market system which has been a legacy of ancestors and is still preserved or still preserved up to now with values that are already considered sacred because it is a noble heritage of ancestors. Limited economic conditions require the people of Lamalera to operate a barter market by instilling the values of justice, family and socialist values which are indicated by mutual agreement in the exchange of goods for goods

Big Defensins, a Diverse Family of Antimicrobial Peptides That Follows Different Patterns of Expression in Hemocytes of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas

Background: Big defensin is an antimicrobial peptide composed of a highly hydrophobic N-terminal region and a cationic C-terminal region containing six cysteine residues involved in three internal disulfide bridges. While big defensin sequences have been reported in various mollusk species, few studies have been devoted to their sequence diversity, gene organization and their expression in response to microbial infections. Findings: Using the high-throughput Digital Gene Expression approach, we have identified in Crassostrea gigas oysters several sequences coding for big defensins induced in response to a Vibrio infection. We showed that the oyster big defensin family is composed of three members (named Cg-BigDef1, Cg-BigDef2 and Cg-BigDef3) that are encoded by distinct genomic sequences. All Cg-BigDefs contain a hydrophobic N-terminal domain and a cationic C-terminal domain that resembles vertebrate beta-defensins. Both domains are encoded by separate exons. We found that big defensins form a group predominantly present in mollusks and closer to vertebrate defensins than to invertebrate and fungi CS alpha beta-containing defensins. Moreover, we showed that Cg-BigDefs are expressed in oyster hemocytes only and follow different patterns of gene expression. While Cg-BigDef3 is non-regulated, both Cg-BigDef1 and Cg-BigDef2 transcripts are strongly induced in response to bacterial challenge. Induction was dependent on pathogen associated molecular patterns but not damage-dependent. The inducibility of Cg-BigDef1 was confirmed by HPLC and mass spectrometry, since ions with a molecular mass compatible with mature Cg-BigDef1 (10.7 kDa) were present in immune-challenged oysters only. From our biochemical data, native Cg-BigDef1 would result from the elimination of a prepropeptide sequence and the cyclization of the resulting N-terminal glutamine residue into a pyroglutamic acid. Conclusions: We provide here the first report showing that big defensins form a family of antimicrobial peptides diverse not only in terms of sequences but also in terms of genomic organization and regulation of gene expression

The antimicrobial peptide Defensin cooperates with tumour necrosis factor to drive tumour cell death in Drosophila

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small cationic molecules best known as mediators of the innate defence against microbial infection. While in vitro and ex vivo evidence suggest AMPs’ capacity to kill cancer cells, in vivo demonstration of an anti-tumour role of endogenous AMPs is lacking. Using a Drosophila model of tumourigenesis, we demonstrate a role for the AMP Defensin in the control of tumour progression. Our results reveal that Tumour Necrosis Factor mediates exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), which makes tumour cells selectively sensitive to the action of Defensin remotely secreted from tracheal and fat tissues. Defensin binds tumour cells in PS-enriched areas, provoking cell death and tumour regression. Altogether, our results provide the first in vivo demonstration for a role of an endogenous AMP as an anti-cancer agent, as well as a mechanism that explains tumour cell sensitivity to the action of AMPs

The Response of the Honey Bee Gut Microbiota to Nosema ceranae Is Modulated by the Probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici and the Neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam.

The honey bee Apis mellifera is exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors, such as the highly prevalent microsporidian parasite Nosema (Vairimorpha) ceranae and neonicotinoid insecticides. Both can affect honey bee physiology and microbial gut communities, eventually reducing its lifespan. They can also have a combined effect on the insect's survival. The use of bacterial probiotics has been proposed to improve honey bee health, but their beneficial effect remains an open question. In the present study, western honey bees were experimentally infected with N. ceranae spores, chronically exposed to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, and/or supplied daily with the homofermentative bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M thought to improve the honey bees' tolerance to the parasite. Deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing allowed the response of the gut microbiota to be investigated with a taxonomic resolution at the species level. All treatments induced significant changes in honey bee gut bacterial communities. Nosema ceranae infection increased the abundance of Proteus mirabilis, Frischella perrara, and Gilliamella apicola and reduced the abundance of Bifidobacterium asteroides, Fructobacillus fructosus, and Lactobacillus spp. Supplementation with P. acidilactici overturned some of these alterations, bringing back the abundance of some altered species close to the relative abundance found in the controls. Surprisingly, the exposure to thiamethoxam also restored the relative abundance of some species modulated by N. ceranae. This study shows that stressors and probiotics may have an antagonistic impact on honey bee gut bacterial communities and that P. acidilactici may have a protective effect against the dysbiosis induced by an infection with N. ceranae

Mujeres en pie de paz: exclusión y memoria de las mujeres víctimas del conflicto armado desde sus territorios

La Constitución de 1991 abrió una oportunidad para que Colombia, luego de diferentes procesos de paz maltrechos, construyera las bases de un contrato social que evitara la exclusión y la desigualdad social, económica y política de una buena parte de la población, sobre todo la campesina. La exclusión y la desigualdad son algunas de las principales causas y orígenes del conflicto colombiano (Alape, 2004; Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2013), por más de que no exista una única versión sobre cuándo y por qué inició la guerra en Colombia (Comisión Histórica del Conflicto y sus Víctimas [CHCV], 2015). A pesar de que algunos grupos guerrilleros se incorporaron a la vida política institucional y fueron garantes del nuevo pacto social, la nueva Constitución fue una oportunidad perdida. Las desigualdades y la exclusión no cesaron para muchos colombianos y colombianas y el conflicto armado se recrudeció en la última década del siglo XX

Narrar el conflicto para construir la paz. Cuatro historias de empoderamiento de mujeres víctimas-supervivientes del conflicto armado en Colombia

Després de quatre anys de la signatura dels acords de l'Habana, Colòmbia es troba en un moment crucial de la construcció de pau. En aquest context, dones víctimes-supervivents del conflicte s'empoderen explicant la seva història i organitzant-se per un canvi en el seus territoris. Aquest projecte periodístic investiga les històries de quatre líders socials i analitza des de les vessants teòrica i pràctica el paper de la narració de les supervivents de la violència en la construcció de pau. El resultat són quatre perfils escrits i audiovisuals de dones de procedència social diversa, afectades de forma diferenciada pel conflicte, però amb un mateix objectiu: aconseguir una vida digna i un futur sense violència.Después de cuatro años de la firma de los acuerdos de La Habana, Colombia se encuentra en un momento crucial de la construcción de paz. En este contexto, mujeres víctimas-supervivientes del conflicto se empoderan explicando su historia y organizándose por un cambio en sus territorios. El proyecto periodístico investiga las historias de cuatro lideresas sociales y analiza desde las vertientes teórica y práctica el papel de la narración de las supervivientes de la violencia en la construcción de paz. El resultado son cuatro perfiles escritos y audiovisuales de mujeres de procedencia social diversa, afectadas de forma diferenciada por el conflicto, pero con un mismo objetivo: conseguir una vida digna y un futuro sin violencia.Four years after the signature of the Habana agreements, Colombia is in a key moment of the peacebuilding process. In this context, women victims-survivors of the conflict empower themselves by telling their stories, at the same time that they organize their communities for a change in their territories. This journalistic project investigates the stories of four social leaders and analyses the role of the survivors' narration in the peacebuilding process, from the theoretical and practical standpoints. The result is four written and audiovisual profiles of women from diverse social settings, differently impacted by the armed conflict, but with the same aim: achieving a life worth living and a future free of violence

A shared mechanism of defense against predators and parasites: chitin regulation and its implications for life-history theory

Defenses against predators and parasites offer excellent illustrations of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Despite vast knowledge about such induced defenses, they have been studied largely in isolation, which is surprising, given that predation and parasitism are ubiquitous and act simultaneously in the wild. This raises the possibility that victims must trade-off responses to predation versus parasitism. Here, we propose that arthropod responses to predators and parasites will commonly be based on the endocrine regulation of chitin synthesis and degradation. The proposal is compelling because many inducible defenses are centered on temporal or spatial modifications of chitin-rich structures. Moreover, we show how the chitin synthesis pathway ends in a split to carapace or gut chitin, and how this form of molecular regulation can be incorporated into theory on life-history trade-offs, specifically the Y-model. Our hypothesis thus spans several biological scales to address advice from Stearns that “Endocrine mechanisms may prove to be only the tip of an iceberg of physiological mechanisms that modulate the expression of genetic covariance”

Structural rearrangement of model membranes by the peptide antibiotic NK-2

AbstractWe have developed a novel α-helical peptide antibiotic termed NK-2. It efficiently kills bacteria, but not human cells, by membrane destruction. This selectivity could be attributed to the different membrane lipid compositions of the target cells. To understand the mechanisms of selectivity and membrane destruction, we investigated the influence of NK-2 on the supramolecular aggregate structure, the phase transition behavior, the acyl chain fluidity, and the surface charges of phospholipids representative for the bacterial and the human cell cytoplasmic membranes. The cationic NK-2 binds to anionic phosphatidylglycerol liposomes, causing a thinning of the membrane and an increase in the phase transition temperature. However, this interaction is not solely of electrostatic but also of hydrophobic nature, indicated by an overcompensation of the Zeta potential. Whereas NK-2 has no effect on phosphatidylcholine liposomes, it enhances the fluidity of phosphatidylethanolamine acyl chains and lowers the phase transition enthalpy of the gel to liquid cristalline transition. The most dramatic effect, however, was observed for the lamellar/inverted hexagonal transition of phosphatidylethanolamine which was reduced by more than 10 °C. Thus, NK-2 promotes a negative membrane curvature which can lead to the collapse of the phosphatidylethanolamine-rich bacterial cytoplasmic membrane