Restaurer ou laisser faire la nature ?

International audienc

Fire and the reproductive phenology of endangered Madagascar sclerophyllous tapia woodlands

AbstractTapia woodland vegetation is a remnant of Madagascar sclerophyllous forest that has developed under the selective pressure of fire and is dominated by the endemic tree Uapaca bojeri (Phyllanthaceae), locally named tapia. We carried out a 2-year study in tapia woodland at Ibity mountain, a new protected area in central highlands of Madagascar. We aimed to describe the reproductive phenology of this vegetation type and to determine whether it is affected by fire. We addressed two main questions: 1) does fire frequency affect the proportion of reproducing individuals and the intensity of each flowering and fruiting event?; and 2) does fire frequency influence the reproductive synchrony of species across the landscape? Thirteen woody species (373 individuals) were sampled at six sites selected across the Ibity mountain, where three that were burned three times between 2000 and 2010 and three burned just once during the decade. We found that (1) fire reduced the percentage of individuals that participate in each phenophase, and flower and fruit production was lower at the more frequently burned sites; and (2) increased fire frequency reduced the reproductive synchronization of species throughout the landscape. Fire is recognized as one of the major disturbances affecting mortality and recruitment of trees in tapia woodland. Our study indicates that fire also impacts the timing of plant reproduction at community and landscape levels

Beyond the species pool: Modification of species dispersal, establishment and assembly by habitat restoration

Species dispersal, establishment and assembly are crucial stages of the life history of plants, and clear understanding of the governing forces and rules that shape species composition in a particular community is vital for successful ecological restoration. In our paper we focus on five aspects of seed dispersal and plant establishment, which should be considered during habitat restoration actions. In the first two sections we discuss the success of spontaneous dispersal and establishment on restoration based either on spatial dispersal or local seed banks. In the third section we assess the possibilities of species introduction and assisted dispersal. In the fourth section we introduce some possibilities for the improvement of establishment success of spontaneously dispersed or introduced species. Finally, we highlight issues influencing long-term persistence and sustainability of restored habitats, related to the alteration of management type and intensity, climate change and spread of non-native species. With the present paper we introduce the special issue entitled ‘Seed dispersal and soils seed banks – Promising sources for ecological restoration’ containing 15 papers by 62 authors from ten countries arranged into the abovementioned five topics

Resilience of the native flora on a Mediterranean island after eradication of ice plant (Carpobrotus spp.)

Les invasions d’espèces étant considérées comme une menace majeure vis-à-vis des espèces indigènes, particulièrement pour les systèmes insulaires, les programmes d’éradication des espèces invasives constituent une des alternatives pour la préservation de la biodiversité. Dans ce contexte, les gestionnaires du Parc national de Port-Cros (PNPC) ont lancé en 2010, un programme de contrôle manuel sur 2 ha des Griffes de sorcière (Carpobrotus sp. Aizoaceae), plantes invasives dans le bassin méditerranéen et, particulièrement, sur l’île de Bagaud (Var, France). Les changements temporels des communautés végétales (i.e., richesse spécifique et recouvrement végétal) ont été analysés au sein de placettes permanentes (100 m² et 16 m²) avant (2010-2011) et après éradication (2013-2014) de Carpobrotus sp. Ces communautés en cours de restauration sont également comparées à des communautés végétales indigènes de l’île, qualifiées de référence. La richesse spécifique et le recouvrement végétal de la flore indigène augmentent considérablement à partir de 2013 du fait de la germination de la banque de graines des plantes indigènes. En zone littorale, la reprise de la flore indigène, comprenant des communautés halo-résistantes, semble plus rapide que dans l’intérieur de l’île, comprenant à la fois des espèces de matorral bas et halonitrophiles. Les opérations de contrôle doivent inclure un suivi temporel des réponses des plantes indigènes pour savoir si la reprise est transitoire ou durable dans le cadre de la restauration d’écosystèmes dégradés ou de la conservation d’espèces menacées.Species invasions are considered as a major threat relative to native species, especially for island systems. Eradication programs of invasive species are an alternative for the preservation of island's native biodiversity. In this context, the managers of the Port-Cros national Park have implemented in 2010 a 2 ha manual control program of ice plant (Carpobrotus sp., Aizoaceae), invasive in the Mediterranean basin and, particularly, on the island of Bagaud (Var, France). Temporal changes of plant communities (i.e. species richness and plant cover) were analysed in permanent plots (100 m² and 16 m²) before (2010-2011) and after (2013-2014) Carpobrotus sp. eradication. These plant communities were also compared with native reference plant communities of this island. Species richness and plant cover of native flora significantly increased in 2013 due to the germination of native plants seed bank. On coastal sites, the recovery of native flora is faster and matches with the halo-resistant reference plant community. On inland sites, the recovery of native flora includes low matorral and halonitrophilous species. Invasive species control must include monitoring through time of native plant species to find out whether recovery is transient or long lasting in the context of degraded ecosystems restoration or threatened species conservation

The significance of hazardous chemicals in wastewater treatment works effluents

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in Science of The Total Environment. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2012 Elsevier B.V.The advent of increasingly stringent and wider ranging European Union legislation relating to water and the environment has required regulators to assess compliance risk and to respond by formulating appropriate pollution control measures. To support this process the UK Water Industry has completed a national Chemicals Investigation Programme (CIP), to monitor over 160 wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) for 70 determinands. Final effluent concentrations of zinc, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene), “penta” congeners (BDEs) 47 and 99, tributyltin, triclosan, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, ibuprofen, propranolol, fluoxetine, diclofenac, 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol exceeded existing or proposed Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) in over 50% of WwTWs. Dilution by receiving water might ensure compliance with EQSs for these chemicals, apart from the BDEs. However, in some cases there will be insufficient dilution to ensure compliance and additional management options may be required

Fate of drugs during wastewater treatment

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2013 Elsevier B.V.Recent trends in the determination of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewaters focus on the development of rapid multi-residue methods. This review addresses recent analytical trends in drug determination in environmental matrices used to facilitate fate studies. Analytical requirements for further fate evaluation and tertiary process selection and optimization are also discussed.EPSRC, Northumbrian Water, Anglian Water, Severn Trent Water, Yorkshire Water, and United Utilities

The fate of steroid estrogens: Partitioning during wastewater treatment and onto river sediments

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final published article is available from the link below. Copyright @ 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.The partitioning of steroid estrogens in wastewater treatment and receiving waters is likely to influence their discharge to, and persistence in, the environment. This study investigated the partitioning behaviour of steroid estrogens in both laboratory and field studies. Partitioning onto activated sludge from laboratory-scale Husmann units was rapid with equilibrium achieved after 1 h. Sorption isotherms and Kd values decreased in the order 17α-ethinyl estradiol > 17α-estradiol > estrone > estriol without a sorption limit being achieved (1/n >1). Samples from a wastewater treatment works indicated no accumulation of steroid estrogens in solids from primary or secondary biological treatment, however, a range of steroid estrogens were identified in sediment samples from the River Thames. This would indicate that partitioning in the environment may play a role in the long-term fate of estrogens, with an indication that they will be recalcitrant in anaerobic conditions.EPSR