Nonlinear dielectric susceptibilities in supercooled liquids: a toy model

The dielectric response of supercooled liquids is phenomenologically modeled by a set of Asymmetric Double Wells (ADW), where each ADW contains a dynamical heterogeneity of $N_{corr}$ molecules. We find that the linear macroscopic susceptibility $\chi_1$ does not depend on $N_{corr}$ contrary to all higher order susceptibilities $\chi_{2k+1}$. We show that $\chi_{2k+1}$ is proportional to the $k^{th}$ moment of $N_{corr}$, which could pave the way for new experiments on glass transition. In particular, as predicted by Bouchaud and Biroli on general grounds [Phys. Rev. B, {\bf 72}, 064204 (2005)], we find that $\chi_3$ is proportional to the average value of $N_{corr}$. We fully calculate $\chi_3$ and, with plausible values of few parameters our model accounts for the salient features of the experimental behavior of $\chi_3$ of supercooled glycerol.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

Anisotropic super-attenuation of capillary waves on driven glass interfaces

Metrological AFM measurements are performed on the silica glass interfaces of photonic band-gap fibres and hollow capillaries. The freezing of attenuated out-of-equilibrium capillary waves during the drawing process is shown to result in a reduced surface roughness. The roughness attenuation with respect to the expected thermodynamical limit is determined to vary with the drawing stress following a power law. A striking anisotropic character of the height correlation is observed: glass surfaces thus retain a structural record of the direction of the flow to which the liquid was submitted

Nondestructive measurement of the roughness of the inner surface of hollow core-photonic bandgap fibers

We present optical and atomic force microscopy measurements of the roughness of the core wall surface within a hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBGF) over the [3×10-2 µm-1 to 30 µm-1] spatial frequency range. A recently developed immersion optical profilometry technique with picometer-scale sensitivity was used to measure the roughness of air-glass surfaces inside the fiber at unprecedentedly low spatial frequencies, which are known to have the highest impact on HC-PBGF scattering loss and, thus, determine their loss limit. Optical access to the inner surface of the core was obtained by the selective filling of the cladding holes with index matching liquid using techniques borrowed from micro-fluidics. Both measurement techniques reveal ultralow roughness levels exhibiting a 1/f spectral power density dependency characteristic of frozen surface capillary waves over a broad spatial frequency range. However, a deviation from this behavior at low spatial frequencies was observed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge

HIV-1-infected patients from the French National Observatory experiencing virological failure while receiving enfuvirtide

Objectives We studied gp41 mutations associated with failing enfuvirtide salvage therapy. Methods This multicentre study involved patients with HIV-1 plasma viral load (pVL) > 5000 copies/mL after at least 3 months of uninterrupted enfuvirtide therapy and with plasma samples available at inclusion (T0), at initial enfuvirtide failure (T1) and at last follow-up visit during continued failing enfuvirtide therapy (T2). The HR-1 and HR-2 domains of the gp41 gene were sequenced at T0, T1 and T2. Results Ninety-nine patients were enrolled. At baseline, the median pVL and CD4 cell count were 5.1 log copies/mL and 72 cells/mm3, respectively. Based on the ANRS Resistance Group algorithm, the proportion of patients harbouring viruses with enfuvirtide resistance mutations increased significantly between T0 and T1. In the HR-1 domain, the V38A/M, Q40H, N42T, N43D and L45M mutations wereselected (P < 0.02). In the HR-2 domain, no mutations were significantly selected during the follow-up. None of the mutations was associated with a CD4 cell count increment. Conclusions Mutations selected during failing enfuvirtide salvage therapy are mainly located in the HR-1 domain of the gp41 gene, between codons 38 and 45. No mutations were associated with an increase in the CD4 cell coun

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

: Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This&nbsp;ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean&nbsp;culture, and with&nbsp;the following Magdalenian culture&nbsp;that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers,&nbsp;who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.Peer reviewe

Antiretroviral-naive and -treated HIV-1 patients can harbour more resistant viruses in CSF than in plasma

Objectives The neurological disorders in HIV-1-infected patients remain prevalent. The HIV-1 resistance in plasma and CSF was compared in patients with neurological disorders in a multicentre study. Methods Blood and CSF samples were collected at time of neurological disorders for 244 patients. The viral loads were >50 copies/mL in both compartments and bulk genotypic tests were realized. Results On 244 patients, 89 and 155 were antiretroviral (ARV) naive and ARV treated, respectively. In ARV-naive patients, detection of mutations in CSF and not in plasma were reported for the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene in 2/89 patients (2.2%) and for the protease gene in 1/89 patients (1.1%). In ARV-treated patients, 19/152 (12.5%) patients had HIV-1 mutations only in the CSF for the RT gene and 30/151 (19.8%) for the protease gene. Two mutations appeared statistically more prevalent in the CSF than in plasma: M41L (P = 0.0455) and T215Y (P = 0.0455). Conclusions In most cases, resistance mutations were present and similar in both studied compartments. However, in 3.4% of ARV-naive and 8.8% of ARV-treated patients, the virus was more resistant in CSF than in plasma. These results support the need for genotypic resistance testing when lumbar puncture is performe

From supercooled liquids to glasses : a study of correlations in and out of equilibrium

Lorsqu’un liquide est refroidit suffisamment vite, la cristallisation peut être évitée. On a alors un liquide surfondu dont le temps de relaxation augmente fortement quand la température diminue vers la température de transition vitreuse Tg. En-dessous de Tg, le systèmeest dans l’état vitreux. Il vieillit : son temps de relaxation augmente au cours du temps. L’existence d’une longueur de corrélation croissante associée au ralentissement de la dynamique des liquides surfondus (ou des verres) est une des grandes questions toujours ouvertes dans la physique de la transition vitreuse. Des arguments théoriques très généraux ont montré que la mesure de la susceptibilité alternative non linéaire d’ordre trois des liquides surfondus (ou des verres) donnait directement accès à la longueur de corrélation dynamique. Nous avons mis au point une expérience à haute sensibilité permettant d’accéder à deux susceptibilités diélectriques non linéaires d’ordre trois près de Tg. Nos résultats obtenus sur du glycrol surfondu sont quantitativement en très bon accord avec les prédictions théoriques. Ils montrent que la longueur de corrélation dynamique augmente lorsque T diminue vers Tg. En dessous de Tg, l’étude du vieillissement d’une des susceptibilités non linéaires nous a permis de mettre en évidence que la longueur de corrélation dynamique augmente au cours du temps. Ces résultats renforcent le scénario selon lequel la transition vitreuse serait liée à un point critique sous-jacent, ce qui expliquerait l’ubiquité du comportement vitreux dans la nature.Upon fast enough cooling, a liquid avoids crystallization and enters in a supercooled state. The relaxation time of this supercooled liquid increases extremely fast when the temperature decreases towards the glass transition temperature Tg. Below Tg, the system is in the glassy state. It ages : the relaxation time increases with time. The existence of a growing correlation length associated to the slowing down of supercooled liquids (or of glasses) is one of the main open issues in the physics of the glass transition. On very general theoretical arguments, it has been shown that the third order a.c. nonlinear susceptibility around Tg gives direct access to the dynamical correlation length. We have developped a high sensibility experiment to measure, close to Tg, two nonlinear dielectric susceptibilities of the third order. Our results performed on supercooled glycerol are quantitatively in very good agreement with theoretical predictions. They show that the dynamical correlation length increases when T decreases towards Tg. Below Tg, aging experiments of one of the nonlinear susceptibilities reveal that the dynamical correlation length increases with time. These results clearly evidence the collective character of glassy dynamics and reinforce the picture of an underlying critical point, which would explain the ubiquity of the glass transition in Nature

Des liquides surfondus aux verres : étude des corrélations à et hors équilibre

Upon fast enough cooling, a liquid avoids crystallization and enters in a supercooled state. The relaxation time of this supercooled liquid increases extremely fast when the temperature decreases towards the glass transition temperature Tg. Below Tg, the system is in the glassy state. It ages : the relaxation time increases with time. The existence of a growing correlation length associated to the slowing down of supercooled liquids (or of glasses) is one of the main open issues in the physics of the glass transition. On very general theoretical arguments, it has been shown that the third order a.c. nonlinear susceptibility around Tg gives direct access to the dynamical correlation length. We have developped a high sensibility experiment to measure, close to Tg, two nonlinear dielectric susceptibilities of the third order. Our results performed on supercooled glycerol are quantitatively in very good agreement with theoretical predictions. They show that the dynamical correlation length increases when T decreases towards Tg. Below Tg, aging experiments of one of the nonlinear susceptibilities reveal that the dynamical correlation length increases with time. These results clearly evidence the collective character of glassy dynamics and reinforce the picture of an underlying critical point, which would explain the ubiquity of the glass transition in Nature.Lorsqu’un liquide est refroidit suffisamment vite, la cristallisation peut être évitée. On a alors un liquide surfondu dont le temps de relaxation augmente fortement quand la température diminue vers la température de transition vitreuse Tg. En-dessous de Tg, le systèmeest dans l’état vitreux. Il vieillit : son temps de relaxation augmente au cours du temps. L’existence d’une longueur de corrélation croissante associée au ralentissement de la dynamique des liquides surfondus (ou des verres) est une des grandes questions toujours ouvertes dans la physique de la transition vitreuse. Des arguments théoriques très généraux ont montré que la mesure de la susceptibilité alternative non linéaire d’ordre trois des liquides surfondus (ou des verres) donnait directement accès à la longueur de corrélation dynamique. Nous avons mis au point une expérience à haute sensibilité permettant d’accéder à deux susceptibilités diélectriques non linéaires d’ordre trois près de Tg. Nos résultats obtenus sur du glycrol surfondu sont quantitativement en très bon accord avec les prédictions théoriques. Ils montrent que la longueur de corrélation dynamique augmente lorsque T diminue vers Tg. En dessous de Tg, l’étude du vieillissement d’une des susceptibilités non linéaires nous a permis de mettre en évidence que la longueur de corrélation dynamique augmente au cours du temps. Ces résultats renforcent le scénario selon lequel la transition vitreuse serait liée à un point critique sous-jacent, ce qui expliquerait l’ubiquité du comportement vitreux dans la nature