The Structure of Turbulence and mixed-phase Cloud Microphysics in a Highly Supercooled Altocumulus Cloud

Observations of vertically resolved turbulence and cloud microphysics in a mixed-phase altocumulus cloud are presented using in situ measurements from an instrumented aircraft. The turbulence spectrum is observed to have an increasingly negative skewness with distance below cloud top, confirming that longwave radiative cooling from the liquid layer cloud is the source of turbulence kinetic energy. Turbulence data are presented from both the liquid cloud layer and ice virga below. Vertical profiles of both bulk and microphysical liquid and ice cloud properties indicate that ice is produced within the liquid cloud layer at a temperature of -30° C. These high resolution in situ measurements support previous remotely-sensed observations from both ground based and space borne instruments, and could be used to evaluate numerical model simulations of altocumulus clouds at all scales from eddy resolving to climate

A simulation-based comparative analysis of PID and LQG control for closed-loop anesthesia delivery

Closed loop anesthesia delivery (CLAD) systems can help anesthesiologists efficiently achieve and maintain desired anesthetic depth over an extended period of time. A typical CLAD system would use an anesthetic marker, calculated from physiological signals, as real-time feedback to adjust anesthetic dosage towards achieving a desired set-point of the marker. Since control strategies for CLAD vary across the systems reported in recent literature, a comparative analysis of common control strategies can be useful. For a nonlinear plant model based on well-established models of compartmental pharmacokinetics and sigmoid-Emax pharmacodynamics, we numerically analyze the set-point tracking performance of three output-feedback linear control strategies: proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control, and an LQG with integral action (ILQG). Specifically, we numerically simulate multiple CLAD sessions for the scenario where the plant model parameters are unavailable for a patient and the controller is designed based on a nominal model and controller gains are held constant throughout a session. Based on the numerical analyses performed here, conditioned on our choice of model and controllers, we infer that in terms of accuracy and bias PID control performs better than ILQG which in turn performs better than LQG. In the case of noisy observations, ILQG can be tuned to provide a smoother infusion rate while achieving comparable steady-state response with respect to PID. The numerical analyses framework and findings, reported here, can help CLAD developers in their choice of control strategies. This paper may also serve as a tutorial paper for teaching control theory for CLAD.Comment: Accepted in the IFAC2020 Conferenc

Variation in advanced stage at diagnosis of lung and female breast cancer in an English region 2006-2009

This is the final published version. Available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this record.Background: Understanding variation in stage at diagnosis can inform interventions to improve the timeliness of diagnosis for patients with different cancers and characteristics. Methods: We analysed population-based data on 17 836 and 13 286 East of England residents diagnosed with (female) breast and lung cancer during 2006-2009, with stage information on 16 460 (92%) and 10 435 (79%) patients, respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) of advanced stage at diagnosis adjusted for patient and tumour characteristics were derived using logistic regression. Results :We present adjusted ORs of diagnosis in stages III/IV compared with diagnosis in stages I/II. For breast cancer, the frequency of advanced stage at diagnosis increased stepwise among old women (ORs: 1.21, 1.46, 1.68 and 1.78 for women aged 70-74, 75-79, 80-84 and ≥85, respectively, compared with those aged 65-69, P<0.001). In contrast, for lung cancer advanced stage at diagnosis was less frequent in old patients (ORs: 0.82, 0.74, 0.73 and 0.66, P<0.001). Advanced stage at diagnosis was more frequent in more deprived women with breast cancer (OR: 1.23 for most compared with least deprived, P=0.002), and in men with lung cancer (OR: 1.14, P=0.011). The observed patterns were robust to sensitivity analyses approaches for handling missing stage data under different assumptions. Conclusion: Interventions to help improve the timeliness of diagnosis of different cancers should be targeted at specific age groups. © 2012 Cancer Research UK All rights reserved

Koordinationschemie -gebundener Cyclopentadienyl-Chalkogeno-Ether

Coordination Chemistry of rr-Bonded Cyclopentadienyl Chalcogeno Ethers, I. - Chelate Complexes of Pentakis(methylthio)cymantrene with Metal Carbonyls [C5(SMe)5]Mn(CO)3 (1) reacts with W(CO)5(THF), Mo(CO)4(C7H8), Cr(CO)3(NCMe)3, and Re(CO)4(-C3H5)/HBF4 to yield the monochelate complexes [[C5(SMe)5]Mn(C0)3][M(CO)4] (M = W: 2; M = Mo: 3) and the dichelate complexes [[C5(SMe)5]Mn(CO)3][M(C0)4]2 (M = W: 4; M = Cr: 5; M = Re BFF4 : 6). The reaction with Mo(CO)3(p-xylene) in THF leads via unstable intermediates, which contain coordinated THF, to a mixture of 3 and [[C5(SMe)5]Mn(CO)3][Mo(CO)4]2 (7). The structures of 3 and 4 in the crystal have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods

Socio-demographic inequalities in stage of cancer diagnosis: Evidence from patients with female breast,lung, colon, rectal, prostate, renal, bladder, melanoma, ovarian and endometrial cancer

This is the final published version. Available from Oxford University Press via the DOI in this record.Background: Understanding socio-demographic inequalities in stage at diagnosis can inform priorities for cancer control. Patients and methods: We analysed data on the stage at diagnosis of East of England patients diagnosed with any of 10 common cancers, 2006-2010. Stage information was available on 88 657 of 98 942 tumours (89.6%). Results: Substantial socio-demographic inequalities in advanced stage at diagnosis (i.e. stage III/IV) existed for seven cancers, but their magnitude and direction varied greatly by cancer: advanced stage at diagnosis was more likely for older patients with melanoma but less likely for older patients with lung cancer [odds ratios for 75-79 versus 65-69 1.60 (1.38-1.86) and 0.83 (0.77-0.89), respectively]. Deprived patients were more likely to be diagnosed in advanced stage for melanoma, prostate, endometrial and (female) breast cancer: odds ratios (most versus least deprived quintile) from 2.24 (1.66-3.03) for melanoma to 1.31 (1.15-1.49) for breast cancer. In England, elimination of sociodemographic inequalities in stage at diagnosis could decrease the number of patients with cancer diagnosed in advanced stage by 5600 annually. Conclusions: There are substantial socio-demographic inequalities in stage at diagnosis for most cancers. Earlier detection interventions and policies can be targeted on patients at higher risk of advanced stage diagnosis. ©The Author 2012.National Institute for Health Research (NIHR

Molecular fluorine chemistry in the early Universe

Some models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis suggest that very high baryon density regions were formed in the early Universe, and generated the production of heavy elements other than lithium such as fluorine F. We present a comprehensive chemistry of fluorine in the post-recombination epoch. Calculation of F, F- and HF abundances, as a function of redshift z, are carried out. The main result is that the chemical conditions in the early Universe can lead to the formation of HF. The final abundance of the diatomic molecule HF is predicted to be close to 3.75 10(-17) when the initial abundance of neutral fluorine F is 10(-15). These results indicate that molecules of fluorine HF were already present during the dark age. This could have implications on the evolution of proto-objects and on the anisotropies of cosmic microwave background radiation. Hydride of fluorine HF may affect enhancement of the emission line intensity from the proto-objects and could produce spectral-spatial fluctuations.Comment: Accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 7 pages, 2 figure

On the B -> X_s l^+ l^- decays in general supersymmetric models

We analyze the inclusive semileptonic decays B -> X_s l^+ l^- in the framework of the supersymmetric standard model with non-universal soft-breaking terms at GUT scale. We show that the general trend of universal and non-universal models is a decreasing of branching ratio (BR) and increasing of energy asymmetry (AS). However, only non--universal models can have chances to get very large enhancements in BR and AS, corresponding to large (negative) SUSY contributions to the b -> s \gamma amplitude.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures. References added. To appear in Phys. Lett.