Elizabeth Barrett Browning\u27s Juvenilia and Children\u27s Culture in Georgian England: An Introduction to Julia Or Virtue

This study examines the early life and writings of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and seeks to explain the development of her literary disposition and the art she created in the light of her culture and society, bringing to print for the first time her juvenile novel, “Julia or Virtue.” EBB, growing up in late Georgian England, was in many ways influenced by Georgian culture - its customs, manners, styles, and aesthetics. She was subject to its predominant beliefs concerning the education of girls and the codified virtues that attended such an education. Children of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries occupied a particular place, and a culture was preserved for and transmitted to them through various forms and means. Literature written for children was becoming more prevalent as authors sought to identify with the didactic concerns of parents and teachers. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries produced a circle of moralist authors, mainly female, who prepared useful story lessons with exemplary protagonists. EBB’s juvenile works reflect her culture in many ways. It is also the case, however, that her early works bear marks of an education that exceeded the normal boundaries of scholarship deemed appropriate for a female child of Georgian England. Her novel, “Julia or Virtue,” written at age ten, demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the conventions of story writing and reflects in remarkable ways aspects of noteworthy story writers such as Maria Edgeworth and Sir Walter Scott. EBB’s juvenile poetry reflects the influences of a variety of historical and contemporary writers, revealing her strategy of imitatio as she developed artistically. Her imitation of authors such as Homer, Pope, Beattie, Wordsworth, and others provided an important foundation for later, more innovative works. An examination of the juvenile works of EBB provides an opportunity to study the development of a young artist’s mind in early nineteenth century England. The influences of family, class, reading habits, and education had a telling impact on her writing. In her juvenilia it is clear that EBB significantly both reflected and challenged vital assumptions about girls’ culture of early nineteenth-century England

Policing mining: In outer-space greed and domination vs. peace and equity a governance for humanity!

Staking claim and ownership has remained an antagonistic issue for nations, resulting in many international conflicts. This is particularly so in disputed territories or areas which are deemed the heritage of mankind. In the next 50-years mining in space is set to become a reality and rather than being used to become an asset to man/society and create an equitable world, it is likely to be a battleground for greed and sovereign dominance – an overspill from Earth. This paper researches the conflict between greed and dominance vs. peace and equity in respect to space - mineral resources, providing historical contextualization, opinion, thoughts and interpretation. Hence, consideration is given to international approaches and who should ‘police,’ plus the governance of, space riches. The research largely considers the stance of the USA in this respect. The relevance of travel and travel modes (particularly air) and ownership of the sky is reviewed, so as to provide comparison and (historical) contextualization – identifying issues previously encountered when man looks to both travel and acquire assets by these means. The latest position of asteroid mining is also explored and ‘lessons from Earth’ are revisited as part of this research – which is largely considered and undertaken from a legal (discipline) perspective

SPACE: The race for mineral rights ‘The sky is no longer the limit’ Lessons from earth!

This research paper considers the ‘new space race’ – and the desire to extend sovereignty and ownership higher - the sky is no longer the limit. In 2015 the U.S. passed the Federal Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act, which would permit mining in outer space; however, it remains highly controversial and in essence goes against the United Nations rationale that some areas are beyond the limits of national jurisdiction and cannot be claimed. This paper considers both the Bill and the final Act. Comparison analysis of other Treaties is considered and therefore the validity of State commercialization of assets deemed as being ‘mankind’s heritage’ is questioned. In doing so, the research provides comment on the similarities of lessons learnt from Earth and other UN International Treaties and Conventions, with correlation-reference made to the current situation in the South China Sea. The paper illustrates the U.S.’s reluctance to ratify any treaty, which does not allow the freedom …. of its competitive advantage

Mapping the Deep Blue Oceans

The ocean terrain spanning the globe is vast and complex—far from an immense flat plain of mud. To map these depths accurately and wisely, we must understand how cartographic abstraction and generalization work both in analog cartography and digital GIS. This chapter explores abstraction practices such as selection and exaggeration with respect to mapping the oceans, showing significant continuity in such practices across cartography and contemporary GIS. The role of measurement and abstraction—as well as of political and economic power, and sexual and personal bias—in these sciences is illustrated by the biographies of Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen, whose mapping of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge precipitated a paradigm shift in geology

A Turke turn'd Quaker: conversion from Islam to radical dissent in early modern England

The study of the relationship between the anglophone and Islamic worlds in the seventeenth century has been the subject of increas- ing interest in recent years, and much attention has been given to the cultural anxiety surrounding “Turning Turke”, conversion from Christianity to Islam, especially by English captives on the Barbary coast. Conversion in the other direction has attracted far less scrutiny, not least because it appears to have been far less com- mon. Conversion from Islam to any form of radical dissent has attracted no scholarship whatsoever, probably because it has been assumed to be non-existent. However, the case of Bartholomew Cole provides evidence that such conversions did take place, and examining the life of this “Turke turn’d Quaker” provides an insight into the dynamics of cross-cultural conversion of an exceptional kind