Patent breadth in an international setting

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.This paper examines the Nash equilibria of a game where two national governments set patent breadth, which determines how di§erent an imitating Örmís product must be in order to avoid infringing on an innovatorís patent. The e§ect of broadening patent breadth is to increase the incentive to invest in R&D, which is the same e§ect as increasing patent length. However, unlike the e§ect on static e¢ ciency of increasing patent length, our results show that the e§ect of broadening patent breadth on static e¢ ciency is non-monotonic. As a result, under our North-South model where only the North can innovate, harmonization of patent breadth lowers world welfare. In our North-North model, where innovation can occur anywhere, we show that harmonization towards narrower patent breadth may raise world welfare.Center for the Americas at Vanderbilt Universit

Catalytic Hydrogen Production by Ruthenium Complexes from the Conversion of Primary Amines to Nitriles: Potential Application as a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier

The potential application of the primary amine/nitrile pair as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) has been evaluated. Ruthenium complexes of formula [(p-cym)Ru(NHC)Cl2] (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyze the acceptorless dehydrogenation of primary amines to nitriles with the formation of molecular hydrogen. Notably, the reaction proceeds without any external additive, under air, and under mild reaction conditions. The catalytic properties of a ruthenium complex supported on the surface of graphene have been explored for reutilization purposes. The ruthenium-supported catalyst is active for at least 10 runs without any apparent loss of activity. The results obtained in terms of catalytic activity, stability, and recyclability are encouraging for the potential application of the amine/nitrile pair as a LOHC. The main challenge in the dehydrogenation of benzylamines is the selectivity control, such as avoiding the formation of imine byproducts due to transamination reactions. Herein, selectivity has been achieved by using long-chain primary amines such as dodecylamine. Mechanistic studies have been performed to rationalize the key factors involved in the activity and selectivity of the catalysts in the dehydrogenation of amines. The experimental results suggest that the catalyst resting state contains a coordinated amine.The authors thank the financial support from MINECO (CTQ2015-69153-C2-2-R), Generalitat Valenciana (AICO/2015/ 039), and the UniversitatJaume I(P1.1B2015-09).The authors are very grateful to the “Serve is Centrals d’Instr umentac ij Cien- t&fica (SCIC)” of the Universitat Jaume I

Deliberative democracy: A space for school boards and parents in public eduation policymaking

Research indicates that in the No Child Left Behind era of public education, local districts with elected school boards may be perceived as relinquishing control over policies that affect their school system. With the locus of control coming into question, school boards may struggle with how to involve parents in local decision making. Therefore, it is essential that boards of education openly engage parents by exploring and reflecting on how parent voices can influence the policies that govern public schools. This qualitative study examines how, during the course of approximately 10 months, a seven-member school board involves parents at its public meetings during policy-making processes. Specifically, one way for a school board to engage parents in a policy-making process is to employ deliberative democracy. Thus, this is a qualitative inquiry that, through two case studies, examines a school board's deliberative democratic processes and the parents' participatory stances during public meetings as policies are established or modified. The purpose of this research is to inform school boards, policymakers, parents, and other educational leaders on how elected school boards can preserve a locus of control in decision-making processes at the local level by engaging parents in policymaking. The primary data collection methods included public meeting observations, a school board survey, and interviews. Findings presented through narratives and thematic analyses reveal scenarios where deliberative democratic tenets were exercised. These tenets included purpose, intent, procedures, practices, and reciprocity. In both case studies, parents adopted various stances such as advocate, proxy agent, and expert. However, throughout the processes, study participants noted tension between formal meeting procedures and their desire for informal dialogue. Limitations included selective homogeneity of participants in deliberative processes, root cause analysis for parent participation, and the challenges of local space. Implications for school boards, parents, and deliberative democracy are discussed. Further areas for research could consider the use of electronic media in deliberative democracy, the presence of affective domains in procedurally-steeped processes, the possibility of micro-deliberative practices, and the leveraging of deliberative democratic processes that reclaim local space

Extensão da jornada escolar: uma (velha) questão em debate

The article deals with the much discussed topic of the extension of the school - recently replaced by the Ministery of Education, Starting from the actual conditions in which schooling takes place in Brazil, the likely effects of this action are discussed as well as its possible influence on the social segments effects by it. The study also presents some general information on the matter in question taken from previous researches.O texto trata de tema antigo - hoje recolocado pelo MEC - relativo à extensão da jornada escolar. A partir da análise das condições concretas em que se dá, na atualidade, o processo de escolarização no Brasil, procura-se discutir os prováveis efeitos da medida, na rede pública d ensino, bem como antecipar suas possíveis repercussões junto aos segmentos sociais a serem por ela atingidos. Complementam o estudo informações gerais extraídas de pesquisas internacionais sobre o tema em questão

Deliberative democracy: A space for school boards and parents in public eduation policymaking

Research indicates that in the No Child Left Behind era of public education, local districts with elected school boards may be perceived as relinquishing control over policies that affect their school system. With the locus of control coming into question, school boards may struggle with how to involve parents in local decision making. Therefore, it is essential that boards of education openly engage parents by exploring and reflecting on how parent voices can influence the policies that govern public schools. This qualitative study examines how, during the course of approximately 10 months, a seven-member school board involves parents at its public meetings during policy-making processes. Specifically, one way for a school board to engage parents in a policy-making process is to employ deliberative democracy. Thus, this is a qualitative inquiry that, through two case studies, examines a school board\u27s deliberative democratic processes and the parents\u27 participatory stances during public meetings as policies are established or modified. The purpose of this research is to inform school boards, policymakers, parents, and other educational leaders on how elected school boards can preserve a locus of control in decision-making processes at the local level by engaging parents in policymaking. The primary data collection methods included public meeting observations, a school board survey, and interviews. Findings presented through narratives and thematic analyses reveal scenarios where deliberative democratic tenets were exercised. These tenets included purpose, intent, procedures, practices, and reciprocity. In both case studies, parents adopted various stances such as advocate, proxy agent, and expert. However, throughout the processes, study participants noted tension between formal meeting procedures and their desire for informal dialogue. Limitations included selective homogeneity of participants in deliberative processes, root cause analysis for parent participation, and the challenges of local space. Implications for school boards, parents, and deliberative democracy are discussed. Further areas for research could consider the use of electronic media in deliberative democracy, the presence of affective domains in procedurally-steeped processes, the possibility of micro-deliberative practices, and the leveraging of deliberative democratic processes that reclaim local space

Deliberative democracy: A space for school boards and parents in public eduation policymaking

Research indicates that in the No Child Left Behind era of public education, local districts with elected school boards may be perceived as relinquishing control over policies that affect their school system. With the locus of control coming into question, school boards may struggle with how to involve parents in local decision making. Therefore, it is essential that boards of education openly engage parents by exploring and reflecting on how parent voices can influence the policies that govern public schools. This qualitative study examines how, during the course of approximately 10 months, a seven-member school board involves parents at its public meetings during policy-making processes. Specifically, one way for a school board to engage parents in a policy-making process is to employ deliberative democracy. Thus, this is a qualitative inquiry that, through two case studies, examines a school board\u27s deliberative democratic processes and the parents\u27 participatory stances during public meetings as policies are established or modified. The purpose of this research is to inform school boards, policymakers, parents, and other educational leaders on how elected school boards can preserve a locus of control in decision-making processes at the local level by engaging parents in policymaking. The primary data collection methods included public meeting observations, a school board survey, and interviews. Findings presented through narratives and thematic analyses reveal scenarios where deliberative democratic tenets were exercised. These tenets included purpose, intent, procedures, practices, and reciprocity. In both case studies, parents adopted various stances such as advocate, proxy agent, and expert. However, throughout the processes, study participants noted tension between formal meeting procedures and their desire for informal dialogue. Limitations included selective homogeneity of participants in deliberative processes, root cause analysis for parent participation, and the challenges of local space. Implications for school boards, parents, and deliberative democracy are discussed. Further areas for research could consider the use of electronic media in deliberative democracy, the presence of affective domains in procedurally-steeped processes, the possibility of micro-deliberative practices, and the leveraging of deliberative democratic processes that reclaim local space

1-Methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)cyclopentadiene

The title compound, C16H14, an asymmetric naphthyl-/methyl-substituted cyclopentadiene was synthesized and one isomer of five accessible through sigmatropic rearrangement was isolated and characterized by 1H NMR and X-ray diffraction. The crystal packing features an intermolecular C—H...π interaction