Route Analysis Through Filial Generations of Modern Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

In Mexico, to reduce production costs, small producers use tomato seeds of advanced generations such as F2 and F3. The objectives of this study were to measure the efficiency of using advanced populations of some commercial tomato hybrids and to identify the most important yield components associated with yield. Seven saladette-type hybrids of indeterminate growth were evaluated, as well as their respective generations F2s and F3s under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation of the three generations was carried out during the 2013 agricultural cycle. Three harvests were made at 82, 94 and 136 days after transplanting. The experiment was carried out under a randomized complete block experimental design, with 4 replications and 10 individuals per repletion. The obtained results indicated that there were significant differences for few traits in F2 and F3. Path analysis showed that the total number of fruits had the highest direct and indirect effects on yield through generations. Based on our analysis, the advanced generations of ‘LORETO’, ‘CUAUHTÉMOC’ and ‘ESPARTACO’ could be used by the small growers since low values of inbreeding depression was observed in F2 and F3.Objective: To measure the efficiency of using advanced generations of some commercial tomato hybrids for small farmers and to identify the most important yield components associated with yield. Design/Methodology/Approach: Seven saladette-type hybrids of indeterminate growth were evaluated, as well as their respective generations F2s and F3s under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation of the three generations was carried out during the 2013 agricultural cycle. Three harvests were made at 82, 94 and 136 days after transplanting. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, with 4 replications and 10 plants per replication. Results: Results indicated that there were significant differences for a few traits in F2 and F3. Path analysis showed that the total number of fruits had the highest direct and indirect effects on yield through generations. Limitations of the study/implications: The usefulness of advanced generations of tomato commercial hybrids would depend on the genetic background of the parental lines that take part in such as hybrids, as some hybrids would present high inbreeding depression depending on the genetic composition of their progenitors. Findings/Conclusions: Advanced generations of ‘LORETO’, ‘CUAUHTÉMOC’ and ‘ESPARTACO’ could be used by the small growers since low values of inbreeding depression were observed in F2 and F3 familie

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Diversidad agronómica y morfológica de jitomates arriñonados y tipo pimiento de alto valor comercial en los estados de Puebla y Oaxaca.

En algunas regiones de los estados de Puebla y Oaxaca, los jitomates (Solanum lycopersicum L.) nativos conocidos como ‘arriñonados’, ‘chinos criollos’, ‘cuadrados’ o ‘tipo pimiento’, ‘ojo de venado’ y ‘cereza’, son ampliamente cultivados para el autoconsumo y su comercialización local. Estos materiales deben estudiarse, pues poseen un gran valor cultural y alimenticio, además son fuentes de germoplasma para usarse en programas de mejoramiento genético del jitomate en México. Con el objetivo de estudiar la diversidad agronómica y morfológica de jitomates nativos de amplio uso local en Puebla y Oaxaca, para aprovecharlos en programas de mejoramiento en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, se evaluaron 40 colectas de jitomate nativo de Puebla y Oaxaca, más el híbrido comercial SUN7705 como testigo, en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y cinco plantas por repetición y en dos ciclos de cultivo. Para la caracterización agronómica y morfológica de los genotipos, 32 variables fueron evaluadas: diámetro de planta, altura a los 30, 60 y 95 días, altura al primer racimo, distancia entre racimos; días a floración del tercer racimo, número de flores del tercer racimo, días a maduración del fruto del tercer racimo, número de frutos del tercer racimo, número de racimos totales, número de hojas, longitud de hoja, ancho de hoja, número de sépalos, número de pétalos, longitud del racimo, número total de frutos, y peso total de frutos; peso promedio del fruto, diámetro, longitud y firmeza del fruto; número de lóculos, pH, sólidos solubles totales, forma del fruto, tipo de antera, color de la corola, tipo de inflorescencia, posición del estilo y forma del estilo. Se realizó un análisis de varianza combinado, encontrándose que entre genotipos hubo diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.01) para la mayoría de las variables. El análisis de componentes principales (CP) detectó que los dos primeros componentes explicaron el 77.03 % de la variación existente entre las colectas. El análisis de conglomerados permitió la identificación de cuatro grupos con base en los componentes de rendimiento y la precocidad. Por su amplia diversidad, se logró identificar materiales con características sobresalientes en sólidos solubles totales y precocidad, como algunas colectas tipo cereza, ‘ojo de venado’ y ‘arriñonados’, mismas que podrían utilizarse directamente como variedades de uso local o como fuente de germoplasma. El grupo III sobresalió en variables de tamaño de fruto, sólidos solubles y firmeza, al estar conformado por los jitomates tipo cuadrados o pimiento, que presentaron características similares al testigo (SUN7705), por lo que tienen un gran potencial para ser usados directamente como variedades o fuente de germoplasma para la generación de variedades e híbridos comerciales tipo “saladette” de amplio uso a nivel nacional. _______________ AGRONOMIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF KIDNEY AND BELL PEPPER-SHAPED TOMATOES FROM PUEBLA AND OAXACA. ABSTRACT: Native tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) or landraces locally known in Mexico as kidney and bell pepper-shaped, deer’s eye, and cherry, are widely cultivated for self-consumption and local trade in some regions of the states of Puebla and Oaxaca. These genetic materials must be studied, as they represent an important source of germplasm for tomato breeding programs in Mexico. In order to study the agronomic and morphological diversity in genotypes of native tomatoes widely used in Puebla and Oaxaca, 40 accessions of native tomatoes from those states plus the commercial hybrid SUN7705 were evaluated in a complete randomized block design with four replications and five plants per replicate during two cropping cycles. The agronomic and morphological characterization of genotypes was done measuring 32 traits: diameter of plant, height at 30, 60, and 95 days, height to the first cluster, distance between clusters; days to flowering time, number of flowers per cluster, days to maturity, number of fruits per cluster; number of total clusters, number of leaves, length and width of a leaf, number of sepals, number of petals, length of one cluster; total number and total weight of fruits; average fruit weight; diameter, length and firmness of the fruit; number of locules, pH, total soluble solids, fruit shape; anther type, corolla color, inflorescence type, position and shape of the stigma. A combined analysis of variance was done, and it was found that most of the traits showed highly significant differences among genotypes. An analysis of principal components (PC) was also performed and results showed that the first two components explained the 77.03% of the existing variation among collections. Cluster analysis allowed the identification of four groups based on the components of yield and earliness. Due to its wide diversity, we managed to identify materials with outstanding features in total soluble solids and earliness, as some cherry type collections, 'deer´s eye' and 'kidney type', which could be used directly as local varieties or as a source of germplasm for breeding. The group III was outstanding in fruit-size related traits, soluble solids and firmness. This group was composed mainly by bell-pepper type tomatoes that presented similar characteristics to those of the check (SUN7705), so these materials have a great potential to be used directly as local varieties or as a source of germplasm to be used for the generation of varieties and commercial hybrids type “saladette” for wide use at the national level.Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Genética).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2013.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)

Periodo crítico de control de malezas en algodón convencional con herbicidas preemergentes: Periodo crítico de control de malezas en algodón convencional con herbicidas preemergentes

El algodón (Gossypium hirsuthum L) es el cultivo de fibra más importante del mundo, sin embargo, la larga duración de la cosecha de algodón requiere un control de malezas a largo plazo para mantener un mejor rendimiento y calidad de fibra. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la efectividad de herbicidas preemergentes durante el periodo crítico de control en algodón convencional variedad cian precoz. El estudio se estableció en una parcela experimental de 304m2 dentro de las instalaciones INIFAP–Campo Experimental la Laguna en Matamoros, Coahuila, México. Los tratamientos se establecieron bajo diseño experimental en completamente al azar con tres repeticiones al día siguiente de la siembra. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: Testigo sin herbicida preemergente, Atrazina I, Diuron, Oxifluorfen, Pendimatalin, Acetoclor, Atrazina II, Dicloruro de paraquat, Trifluralina. Se realizaron evaluaciones a los 7DDA, 14DDA, 21DDA, 28DDA y 35DDA, las variables evaluadas fueron: efectividad en el control de malezas (%) y toxicidad en las plantas de algodón (%) de acuerdo a la escala de puntuación propuesta por la Sociedad Europea de Investigación de malezas. Los herbicidas preemergentes trifluralina y oxifluorfen presentaron un buen control dentro del complejo de malezas evaluadas, las plantas de algodón convencional presentaron síntomas ligeros de toxicidad y se encontró que la atrazina provocó un alto grado de toxicidad en las plantas provocándoles la muerte. Las zonas con tratamientos se mantuvieron libre de malezas durante 35 días cubriendo el periodo crítico de control de malezas en el cultivo del algodonero, la aplicación de herbicidas preemergentes debe ser considerada una estrategia de control dentro del manejo integral de control de malezas del cultivo

Route Analysis Through Filial Generations of Modern Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Objective: To measure the efficiency of using advanced generations of some commercial tomato hybrids for small farmers and to identify the most important yield components associated with yield. Design/Methodology/Approach: Seven saladette-type hybrids of indeterminate growth were evaluated, as well as their respective generations F2s and F3s under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation of the three generations was carried out during the 2013 agricultural cycle. Three harvests were made at 82, 94 and 136 days after transplanting. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, with 4 replications and 10 plants per replication. Results: Results indicated that there were significant differences for a few traits in F2 and F3. Path analysis showed that the total number of fruits had the highest direct and indirect effects on yield through generations. Limitations of the study/implications: The usefulness of advanced generations of tomato commercial hybrids would depend on the genetic background of the parental lines that take part in such as hybrids, as some hybrids would present high inbreeding depression depending on the genetic composition of their progenitors. Findings/Conclusions: Advanced generations of ‘LORETO’, ‘CUAUHTÉMOC’ and ‘ESPARTACO’ could be used by the small growers since low values of inbreeding depression were observed in F2 and F3 familie

Subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin for prevention of disease in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trialResearch in context

Summary: Background: Anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIG) can provide standardized and controlled antibody content. Data from controlled clinical trials using hIG for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outpatients have not been reported. We assessed the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin 20% (C19-IG20%) compared to placebo in preventing development of symptomatic COVID-19 in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We did a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in asymptomatic unvaccinated adults (≥18 years of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days between April 28 and December 27, 2021. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a blinded subcutaneous infusion of 10 mL with 1 g or 2 g of C19-IG20%, or an equivalent volume of saline as placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who remained asymptomatic through day 14 after infusion. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of individuals who required oxygen supplementation, any medically attended visit, hospitalisation, or ICU, and viral load reduction and viral clearance in nasopharyngeal swabs. Safety was assessed as the proportion of patients with adverse events. The trial was terminated early due to a lack of potential benefit in the target population in a planned interim analysis conducted in December 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04847141. Findings: 461 individuals (mean age 39.6 years [SD 12.8]) were randomized and received the intervention within a mean of 3.1 (SD 1.27) days from a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a subcutaneous infusion, the primary outcome occurred in 59.9% (91/152) of participants receiving 1 g C19-IG20%, 64.7% (99/153) receiving 2 g, and 63.5% (99/156) receiving placebo (difference in proportions 1 g C19-IG20% vs. placebo, −3.6%; 95% CI -14.6% to 7.3%, p = 0.53; 2 g C19-IG20% vs placebo, 1.1%; −9.6% to 11.9%, p = 0.85). None of the secondary clinical efficacy endpoints or virological endpoints were significantly different between study groups. Adverse event rate was similar between groups, and no severe or life-threatening adverse events related to investigational product infusion were reported. Interpretation: Our findings suggested that administration of subcutaneous human hyperimmune immunoglobulin C19-IG20% to asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was safe but did not prevent development of symptomatic COVID-19. Funding: Grifols