Emulación de usuario primario en la red de radio cognitiva móvil: estudio

For emerging networks such as the mobile cognitive radio network, it is essential to study their possible attacks and thus generate detection strategies. Generally attacks are focused on only one layer of the OSI model, they have been studied for each layer from the physical level to the application level and have focused on fixed secondary users. In cognitive radio networks, the primary user emulation (PUE) is the most studied attack since it affects the entire cognitive cycle from the physical layer to the upper layers. This paper defines types of PUE attack and countermeasures, analyzing the effects on fixed and mobile secondary users and attackers.En el caso de las redes emergentes, como la red de radiocomunicaciones cognitivas móviles, es esencial estudiar sus posibles ataques y generar así estrategias de detección. Por lo general, los ataques se centran en una sola capa del modelo OSI, se han estudiado para cada capa desde el nivel físico hasta el nivel de aplicación y se han centrado en los usuarios secundarios fijos. En las redes de radiocomunicaciones cognitivas, la emulación de usuario primario (PUE) es el ataque más estudiado, ya que afecta a todo el ciclo cognitivo desde la capa física hasta las capas superiores. En este documento se definen los tipos de ataque PUE y las contramedidas, analizando los efectos en los usuarios secundarios fijos y móviles y en los atacantes

Annexins-Coordinators of Cholesterol Homeostasis in Endocytic Pathways

The spatiotemporal regulation of calcium (Ca2+) storage in late endosomes (LE) and lysosomes (Lys) is increasingly recognized to influence a variety of membrane trafficking events, including endocytosis, exocytosis, and autophagy. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis within the LE/Lys compartment are implicated in human diseases, ranging from lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) to neurodegeneration and cancer, and they correlate with changes in the membrane binding behaviour of Ca2+-binding proteins. This also includes Annexins (AnxA), which is a family of Ca2+-binding proteins participating in membrane traffic and tethering, microdomain organization, cytoskeleton interactions, Ca2+ signalling, and LE/Lys positioning. Although our knowledge regarding the way Annexins contribute to LE/Lys functions is still incomplete, recruitment of Annexins to LE/Lys is greatly influenced by the availability of Annexin bindings sites, including acidic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidic acid (PA), cholesterol, and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2). Moreover, the cytosolic portion of LE/Lys membrane proteins may also, directly or indirectly, determine the recruitment of Annexins to LE. Strikingly, within LE/Lys, AnxA1, A2, A6, and A8 differentially contribute to cholesterol transport along the endocytic route, in particular, cholesterol transfer between LE and other compartments, positioning Annexins at the centre of major pathways mediating cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Underlying mechanisms include the formation of membrane contact sites (MCS) and intraluminal vesicles (ILV), as well as the modulation of LE-cholesterol transporter activity. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding how Annexins contribute to influence LE/Lys membrane transport and associated functions

Técnicas de planificación de recursos en redes wimax

This paper presents the research results oriented to review of the physical layer and the scheduling algorithms in WiMAX: RR, RRA MDRR, WRR, in the allocation of resources. Are presented a simulation scenario where you have a BS-five SS configured to generate traffic according to each of the service classes supported in WiMAX:UGS, nrtPS rtPS, ertPS, BE. Finally, it showed the results of simulations evaluating the throughput of each of the five classes of service, using as resource scheduling algorithms such as RR, MDRR and PQSe presentan los resultados de la investigación orientada a la revisión de la capa física y los algoritmos de planificación en WiMAX: RR, DRR MDRR, WRR, en la asignación de recursos. Se da a conocer un escenario de simulación en donde se tienen una BS, y cinco SS configuradas para generar tráfico de acuerdo a cada una de las clases de servicio soportadas en WiMAX: UGS, nrtPS rtPS, ertPS, BE.Finalmente se exhiben los resultados de simulaciones evaluando el throughput de cada una de las clases de servicio, seleccionando como algoritmos de planificación de recursos: RR, MDRR y PQ

Seasonal variation of biogas upgrading coupled with digestate treatment in an outdoors pilot scale algal-bacterial photobioreactor

Producción CientíficaThe yearly variations of the quality of the upgraded biogas and the efficiency of digestate treatment were evaluated in an outdoors pilot scale high rate algal pond (HRAP) interconnected to an external absorption column (AC) via a conical settler. CO2 concentrations in the upgraded biogas ranged from 0.7% in August to 11.9% in December, while a complete H2S removal was achieved regardless of the operational month. CH4 concentrations ranged from 85.2% in December to 97.9% in June, with a limited O2 and N2 stripping in the upgraded biogas mediated by the low recycling liquid/biogas ratio in the AC. Biomass productivity ranged from 0.0 g m−2 d−1 in winter to 22.5 g m−2 d−1 in summer. Finally, microalgae diversity was severely reduced throughout the year likely due to the increasing salinity in the cultivation broth of the HRAP induced by process operation in the absence of effluent.INCOVER - Innovative Eco-Technologies for Resource Recovery from Wastewater (689242

CAPA FÍSICA Y ALGORITMOS DE PLANIFICACIÓN DE ENLACE DESCENDENTE EN LTE Y WiMAX

Este trabajo presenta una revisión de la capa física y los algoritmos de planificación en LTE y WiMAX, como son BestCQI, PF y RR en la asignación de recursos para el enlace descendente o Downlink. Se presentan los principales criterios a tener en cuenta en los planificadores como la fairnessy el rendimiento, a partir del análisis de las tramas, subtramas, señalización y sincronización que componen la capa física de LTE y WiMAX. Finalmente se presentan las conclusiones de los tres algoritmos de planificación de recursos y se muestran las debilidades y fortalezas de cada uno

PrimPol-mediated repriming facilitates replication traverse of DNA interstrand crosslinks

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) induced by endogenous aldehydes or chemotherapeutic agents interfere with essential processes such as replication and transcription. ICL recognition and repair by the Fanconi Anemia pathway require the formation of an X-shaped DNA structure that may arise from convergence of two replication forks at the crosslink or traversing of the lesion by a single replication fork. Here, we report that ICL traverse strictly requires DNA repriming events downstream of the lesion, which are carried out by PrimPol, the second primase-polymerase identified in mammalian cells after Polα/Primase. The recruitment of PrimPol to the vicinity of ICLs depends on its interaction with RPA, but not on FANCM translocase or the BLM/TOP3A/RMI1-2 (BTR) complex that also participate in ICL traverse. Genetic ablation of PRIMPOL makes cells more dependent on the fork convergence mechanism to initiate ICL repair, and PRIMPOL KO cells and mice display hypersensitivity to ICL-inducing drugs. These results open the possibility of targeting PrimPol activity to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy based on DNA crosslinking agents.Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grants BFU2016-80402R and BFU2019-106707-RB to JM and PGC2018.093576-B-C21 to LB, co-sponsored by EU ERDF funds), the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant 31003A_169959 to ML), and an ERC Consolidator Grant (617102 to ML

Tungsten-titanium mixed oxide bronzes: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic behavior in methanol transformation

[EN] Tungsten oxide bronze-based materials show extremely adaptive structural and compositional features that make them suitable for functional properties modulation. Herein we report the preparation of a series of Ti-containing tungsten oxide catalysts presenting a hexagonal tungsten bronze-type structure. The insertion of Ti4+ within the structure (likely in the octahedral framework of the hexagonal tungsten bronze) leads to an increase in the number of strong acid sites, and the disappearance of W5+ surface species found in the undoped tungsten oxide. With the aim of studying the acid-redox properties of the titled catalysts, the catalytic transformation of methanol has been carried out in the presence and the absence of O-2 in the feed. Both catalytic activity and the acid-redox properties of these catalysts are highly dependent on catalyst composition and reaction conditions applied (i.e. in the presence or in the absence O-2 in the feed). Aerobic experiments show the depletion of the redox functionality (i.e. no formaldehyde detected in the products) when Ti4+ is incorporated in the framework (i.e. 100% selectivity to dimethyl ether). On the other hand, all the catalysts show the loss of the redox function and a decrease in the catalytic activity when anaerobic conditions are used. In the absence of oxygen, the catalysts are still active in the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether, i.e. they maintain their acid functionality even when oxygen is not present in the feed. The results are discussed in terms of the available surface active sites present in each case.Authors would like to thank DGICYT in Spain for RTI2018-099668-B-C21, CTQ2015-68951-C3-1-R and MAT2017-84118-C2-1-R projects. Authors from ITQ also thank Project SEV-2016-0683 for supporting this research. D.D. thanks MINECO and Severo Ochoa Excellence Program for his fellowship (SVP-2014-068669). Finally, authors thank the Electron Microscopy Service of SCSIE of Universitat de Valencia for their support.Delgado-Muñoz, D.; Soriano Rodríguez, MD.; Solsona Espriu, BE.; Zamora Blanco, S.; Agouram, S.; Concepción Heydorn, P.; López Nieto, JM. (2019). Tungsten-titanium mixed oxide bronzes: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic behavior in methanol transformation. Applied Catalysis A General. 582:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2019.05.026S11058

Human corneal fibroblast migration and ECM synthesis during stromal repair: Role played by PDGF-BB, bFGF, and TGFβ1 (HCFs migration and ECM synthesis during stromal repair: GFs effects)

Producción CientíficaThe development of treatments that modulate corneal wound healing to avoid fibrosis during tissue repair is important for the restoration of corneal transparency after an injury. To date, few studies have studied the influence of growth factors (GFs) on human corneal fibroblast (HCF) expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen types I and III, proteoglycans such as perlecan, or proteins implicated in cellular migration such as α5β1-integrin and syndecan-4. Using in vitro HCFs, we developed a mechanical wound model to study the influence of the GFs basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) on ECM protein production and cellular migration. Our results show that mechanical wounding provokes the autocrine release of bFGF and TGFβ1 at different time points during the wound closure. The HCF response to PDGF-BB was a rapid closure due to fast cellular migration associated with a high focal adhesion replacement and a high expression of collagen and proteoglycans, producing a non-fibrotic healing. bFGF stimulated non-fibrotic ECM production and limited the migration process. Finally, TGFβ1 induced expression of the fibrotic markers collagen type III and α5β1 integrin, and it inhibited cellular migration due to the formation of focal adhesions with a low turnover rate. The novel in vitro HCF mechanical wound model can be used to understand the role played by GFs in human corneal repair. The model can also be used to test the effects of different treatments aimed at improving the healing process

Selective degradation permits a feedback loop controlling Annexin A6 and cholesterol levels in endolysosomes of NPC1 mutant cells

We recently identified elevated annexin A6 (AnxA6) protein levels in Niemann-Pick-type C1 (NPC1) mutant cells. In these cells, AnxA6 depletion rescued the cholesterol accumulation associated with NPC1 deficiency. Here, we demonstrate that elevated AnxA6 protein levels in NPC1 mutants or upon pharmacological NPC1 inhibition, using U18666A, were not due to upregulated AnxA6 mRNA expression, but caused by defects in AnxA6 protein degradation. Two KFERQ-motifs are believed to target AnxA6 to lysosomes for chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and we hypothesized that the cholesterol accumulation in endolysosomes (LE/Lys) triggered by the NPC1 inhibition could interfere with the CMA pathway. Therefore, AnxA6 protein amounts and cholesterol levels in the LE/Lys (LE-Chol) compartment were analyzed in NPC1 mutant cells ectopically expressing lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (Lamp2A), which is well known to induce the CMA pathway. Strikingly, AnxA6 protein amounts were strongly decreased and coincided with significantly reduced LE-Chol levels in NPC1 mutant cells upon Lamp2A overexpression. Therefore, these findings suggest Lamp2A-mediated restoration of CMA in NPC1 mutant cells to lower LE-Chol levels with concomitant lysosomal AnxA6 degradation. Collectively, we propose CMA to permit a feedback loop between AnxA6 and cholesterol levels in LE/Lys, encompassing a novel mechanism for regulating cholesterol homeostasis in NPC1 disease

Paleogeographic and Sedimentary evolution of the South-Pyrenean Foreland basin

During the Paleogene and Neogene the NE Iberian plate underwent significant paleogeographic changes driven by the Iberian and European plate collision and the resulting formation of the Pyrenean orogen and its corresponding foreland basin. Shortening resulted in the advance of the orogenic wedge, emplacement of allochthonous units, and progressive basin partitioning. Sediment transfer systems reacted to the evolving paleogeographic scenario, shifting from forebulge to foredeep and wedge-top settings. Critical reorganizations included successive shifts from open to close drainage conditions, which had an strong impact on accommodation, and the stratigraphic architecture of the basin infill, overfill and later erosion. The aim of this work is to synthesize the paleogeographic and sedimentary evolution of the south-pyrenean foreland, with emphasis on the reconstruction of sediment routing, the evaluation of sedimentation rate trends, the timing of sedimentary shifts and the analysis of their causes. Stratigraphic data are compiled in a comprehensive magnetostratigraphy-based chronostratigraphic framework. Besides, sedimentary and structural data are put together to produce a series of palinspastically restored paleogeographic maps, which reflect five key stages in the evolution of the region. These stages include: 1) the Late Cretaceous tectonic inversion of the extended Iberian margin; 2) the Early Eocene formation of the southern Pyrenean foredeep; 3) the Middle Eocene widening and overfilling; 4) the late Eocene shift into an internal drainage; and 5) the Late Miocene drainage opening and erosion. In the light of these results, the variable role of tectonics, climate and eustacy at different time scales are discussed