Determining the Selectivity of Herbicides and Assessing Their Effect on Plant Roots - A Case Study with Indaziflam and Glyphosate Herbicides

This chapter explores the general aspects of herbicide selectivity on plants, describing the various aspects of the topic, especially the action of herbicides on root crops and presenting a case study with the suggestion of a methodology to evaluate herbicide action on roots in perennial culture and thus determine their selectivity. This study was carried out under field conditions, over a period of four years, where the effect of indaziflam and glyphosate herbicides on roots of Coffee and Citrus plants was evaluated. The results demonstrate that the methodology used to assess the effect of herbicides on the roots was important to validate and qualify safe herbicide selectivity towards crops. Thus, this analysis should be indicated as a routine method for studies to assess the selectivity of herbicides to crops

DISSIPAÇÃO DO HERBICIDA (R,S) HALOXIFOPE EM LATOSSOLO TROPICAL

Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento do herbicida (R,S)-haloxifope em solo tropical realizouse este trabalho para determinar sua dissipação num latossolo roxo eutrófico. Para isso, amostras de solo (em triplicata) foram previamente tratadas com haloxifope metil racêmico e incubadas a 25oC por 0, 6, 10 15, 30 e 60 dias. Após cada período de incubação as amostras foram submetidas a extração em ultra-som, purificadas com diclorometano, evaporadas em rotavapor e ressuspendidas em metanol. O extrato metanólico foi analisado por Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Os dados cinéticos mostraram meia-vida inicial (t0½) de 7,38 dias, o que pode estar relacionado com a atividade microbiana de caráter enantiosseletivo no solo. (R,S)-HALOXYFOP DISSIPATION IN A TROPICAL LATOSOIL Abstract The aim of the work was to study the behavior of the herbicide (R,S)-haloxyfop in a tropical soil. This work was realized to determine its dissipitaion in an eutrophic purple latosoil. Three replicates of soil samples were previously treated with methyl racemic haloxyfop and incubated at 25ºC for 0, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 days. After each incubation period the samples were submited to ultra sound extraction, purified with dichoromethane, evaporated and ressuspended in methanol. The methanolic extract was analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The kinetics data revealed initial half life (t01/2) of 7.38 days, which can probably be related to the microbial activity with enantioselective character in soil

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Effects of soil management of emergence of annual weeds

Por meio de amostragens mensais, no período de outubro a abril, foi registrada a dinâmica de emergência de 10 plantas daninhas, sob dois manejos: destruição com revolvimento do solo por enxada rotativa tracionada por microtrator, ou sem revolvimento do solo, com herbicida de contato. Os resultados mostraram que o manejo de populações por meio de cultivo estimulou a emergência das espécies Bidens pilosa (picão-preto), Amaranthus viridis (caruru), Sonchus oleraceus (serralha), Rhynchelitrum roseum (capim-favorito), Portulaca oleracea (beldroega), Eleusine indica (capim-pé-de-galinha), Acanthospermum hispidum (carrapicho-de-carneiro), Galinsoga parviflora (picão-branco) e Eragrostis pilosa (capim-barba-de-alemão). A dinâmica de emergência de Brachiaria plantaginea (capim-marmelada) não foi alterada pelo tipo de manejo. Quando a sementeira de outubro foi destruída sem revolvimento do solo, este primeiro fluxo de emergência representou cerca de 85 a 95% do total emergido no período de outubro a abril para o capim-marmelada, picão-preto, caruru e serralha. Para as espécies capim-favorito, picão-branco, beldroega e carrapicho-de-carneiro a primeira emergência de outubro significou cerca de 80, 70, 65 e 50% do total, respectivamente.Through montly samplings, in the period of October to April, the emergence dinamics of 10 weed plants was determined under two forms of treatment: destruction of the former flora by land stiring with rotary harrow pulled by micro tractor, or, no stiring with the use of contact herbicide. The results showed that cultivation management favored the emergence of the species Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus viridis, Sonchus oleraceus, Rhynchelitrum roseum, Portulaca oleracea, Eleusine indica, Acanthospermum hispidum, Galinsoga paviflora and Eragrostis pilosa. The emergence dinamics of Brachiaria plantaginea was not influenced by soil management. The initial emergence in October, in a disturbed soil, ment 85 to 95% of the total emergence for B. pilosa, A. viridis and S. oleraceus. For R. roseum, G. paviflora, P. oleracea and A. hispidum the first emergence expresses 80, 70, 65 and 50% of the total, respectively

Soil persistence of cyanazine under field conditions in humid tropic

A persistência, no solo, da cyanazine {2-[[4-cloro-6-(etilamino)-s-triazina-2-il] amino]-2-metilpropionitrila} aplicada em pré-emergência a 1,25, 1,75 e 2,25 kg/ha, foi estudada em condições de campo durante três anos. Bioensaios conduzidos em fitotron, utilizando-se aveia (Avena sativa L.) como planta indicadora da bioatividade do herbicida, mostraram que cyanazine não se encontra presente em níveis fitotóxicos a plantas sensíveis na camada superficial do solo de 0-10 cm, amostrado das parcelas tratadas, quatro semanas após o tratamento em áreas cultivadas com soja.The persistence of cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6(etylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2 metylpropionitrile} applied in pre-emergence at 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 kg/ha was studied under field conditions during three years. A phytotron bioassay using oat (Avena sativa L.) showed that cyanazine was not present at phytotoxic levels in the top soil samples (0-10 cm depth) taken from treated plots four weeks after treatment in areas cultivated with soybeans

Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable

Brazil, home to one of the planet's last great forests, is currently in trade negotiations with its second largest trading partner, the European Union (EU). We urge the EU to seize this critical opportunity to ensure that Brazil protects human rights and the environment

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field