Shear recovery and temperature stability of Ca2+ and Ag+ glycolipid fibrillar metallogels with unusual β\beta-sheet-like domains

Low-molecular weight gelators (LMWG) are small molecules (Mw < ~1 kDa), which form self-assembled fibrillar networks (SAFiN) hydrogels in water. The great majority of SAFiN gels is described by an entangled network of self-assembled fibers, in analogy to a polymer in a good solvent. Here, fibrillation of a biobased glycolipid bolaamphiphile is triggered by Ca2+ or Ag+ ions, added to its diluted micellar phase. The resulting SAFiN, which forms hydrogel above 0.5 wt%, has a ``nano-fishnet'' structure, characterized by a fibrous network of both entangled fibers and $\beta$-sheets-like rafts, generally observed for silk fibroin, actin hydrogels or mineral imogolite nanotubes, but generally not known for SAFiN. This work focuses on the strength of the SAFIN gels, their fast recovery after applying a mechanical stimulus (strain) and their unusual resistance to temperature, studied by coupling rheology to small angle X-ray scattering (rheo-SAXS) using synchrotron radiation. The Ca2+-based hydrogel keeps its properties up to 55{\textdegree}C, while the Ag+-based gel shows a constant elastic modulus up to 70{\textdegree}C, without appearance of any gel-to-sol transition temperature. Furthermore, the glycolipid is obtained by fermentation from natural resources (glucose, rapeseed oil), thus showing that naturally-engineered compounds can have unprecedented properties, when compared to the wide range of chemically derived amphiphiles

Ultra-fast precipitation of transient amorphous cerium oxalate in concentrated nitric acid media

Amorphous cerium oxalate is characterized and reported here for the first time as a primary nucleating transient precursor for a more stable crystalline hydrated phase, at high supersaturation and in strong acid solutions. Preliminary results point out an initial binodal phase separation leading to precipitation

Techniques to Analyze sRNA Protein Cofactor Self-Assembly In Vitro

Post-transcriptional control of gene expression by small regulatory noncoding RNA (sRNA) needs protein accomplices to occur. Past research mainly focused on the RNA chaperone Hfq as cofactor. Nevertheless, recent studies indicated that other proteins might be involved in sRNA-based regulations. As some of these proteins have been shown to self-assemble, we describe in this chapter protocols to analyze the nano-assemblies formed. Precisely, we focus our analysis on Escherichia coli Hfq as a model, but the protocols presented here can be applied to analyze any polymer of proteins. This chapter thus provides a guideline to develop commonly used approaches to detect prokaryotic protein self-assembly, with a special focus on the detection of amyloidogenic polymers

Enhanced Li+ Transport in Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes Aided by Fluorinated Ethers for Highly Efficient Lithium Metal Batteries with Improved Rate Capability

FSI$^{-}$-based ionic liquids (ILs) are promising electrolyte candidates for long-life and safe lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, their practical application is hindered by sluggish Li$^{+}$ transport at room temperature. Herein, it is shown that additions of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE) to LiFSI-Pyr$_{14}$FSI ILs can effectively mitigate this shortcoming, while maintaining ILs′ high compatibility with lithium metal. Raman spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering indicate that the promoted Li+ transport in the optimized electrolyte, [LiFSI]$_{3}$[Pyr$_{14}$FSI]$_{4}$[BTFE]$_{4}$ (Li$_{3}$Py$_{4}$BT$_{4}$), originates from the reduced solution viscosity and increased formation of Li$^{+}$-FSI$^{-}$ complexes, which are associated with the low viscosity and non-coordinating character of BTFE. As a result, Li/LiFePO$_{4}$ (LFP) cells using Li$_{3}$Py$_{4}$BT$_{4}$ electrolyte reach 150 mAh g$^{-1}$ at 1 C rate (1 mA cm$^{-2}$) and a capacity retention of 94.6% after 400 cycles, revealing better characteristics with respect to the cells employing the LiFSI-Pyr$_{14}$FSI (operate only a few cycles) and commercial carbonate (80% retention after only 218 cycles) electrolytes. A wide operating temperature (from −10 to 40 °C) of the Li/Li$_{3}$Py$_{4}$BT$_{4}$/LFP cells and a good compatibility of Li$_{3}$Py$_{4}$BT$_{4}$ with LiNi$_{0.5}$Mn$_{0.3}$Co$_{0.2}$O$_{2}$ (NMC532) are demonstrated also. The insight into the enhanced Li$^{+}$ transport and solid electrolyte interphase characteristics suggests valuable information to develop IL-based electrolytes for LMBs

Aggregate Formation of Surface-Modified Nanoparticles in Solvents and Polymer Nanocomposites

International audienceA new method based on the combination of small-anglescattering, reverse Monte Carlo simulations, and an aggregate recognition algorithm is proposed to characterize the structure of nanoparticle suspensions in solvents and polymer nanocomposites, allowing detailedstudies of the impact of different nanoparticle surface modifications.Experimental small-angle scattering is reproduced using simulated annealing of configurations of polydisperse particles in a simulation box compatible with the lowest experimental q-vector. Then, properties of interest likeaggregation states are extracted from these configurations and averaged. This approach has been applied to silane surface-modified silica nanoparticles with different grafting groups, in solvents and after casting into polymer matrices.It is shown that the chemistry of the silane function, in particular mono- or trifunctionality possibly related to patch formation, affects the dispersion state in a given medium, in spite of an unchanged alkylchain length. Our approach may be applied to study any dispersion or aggregation state of nanoparticles. Concerningnanocomposites, the method has potential impact on the design of new formulations allowing controlled tuning of nanoparticle dispersion

Preexisting autoantibodies to type I IFNs underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with APS-1

Patients with biallelic loss-of-function variants of AIRE suffer from autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1) and produce a broad range of autoantibodies (auto-Abs), including circulating auto-Abs neutralizing most type I interferons (IFNs). These auto-Abs were recently reported to account for at least 10% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in the general population. We report 22 APS-1 patients from 21 kindreds in seven countries, aged between 8 and 48 yr and infected with SARS-CoV-2 since February 2020. The 21 patients tested had auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α subtypes and/or IFN-ω; one had anti–IFN-β and another anti–IFN-ε, but none had anti–IFN-κ. Strikingly, 19 patients (86%) were hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia, including 15 (68%) admitted to an intensive care unit, 11 (50%) who required mechanical ventilation, and four (18%) who died. Ambulatory disease in three patients (14%) was possibly accounted for by prior or early specific interventions. Preexisting auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs in APS-1 patients confer a very high risk of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia at any age.publishedVersio

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia

In an international cohort of 279 patients with hypoxemic influenza pneumonia, we identified 13 patients (4.6%) with autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha and/or -omega, which were previously reported to underlie 15% cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia and one third of severe adverse reactions to live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) can underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine disease. We report here on 13 patients harboring autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 alone (five patients) or with IFN-omega (eight patients) from a cohort of 279 patients (4.7%) aged 6-73 yr with critical influenza pneumonia. Nine and four patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-alpha 2, and six and two patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-omega. The patients' autoantibodies increased influenza A virus replication in both A549 cells and reconstituted human airway epithelia. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher than that in the general population for patients 70 yr of age (3.1 vs. 4.4%, P = 0.68). The risk of critical influenza was highest in patients with antibodies neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-alpha 2 and IFN-omega (OR = 11.7, P = 1.3 x 10(-5)), especially those <70 yr old (OR = 139.9, P = 3.1 x 10(-10)). We also identified 10 patients in additional influenza patient cohorts. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs account for similar to 5% of cases of life-threatening influenza pneumonia in patients <70 yr old

Multi-scale semiconductor nanorods structures by self-assembly : synthesis, structures and optical properties

L'obtention de matériaux structurés sur plusieurs échelles de longueurs permet d'obtenir des propriétés physiques innovantes par rapport aux propriétés individuelles des constituants élémentaires. Dans cette thèse nous nous sommes intéressé à l'obtention de matériaux possédant des propriétés optiques nouvelles. Ainsi des bâtonnets semi-conducteurs anisotropes de type cœur-coquille ont été synthétisés. Leur forme permet de les assembler dans des phases de type cristal-liquides. Après fonctionnalisation de la surface des bâtonnets par des molécules hydrophiles possédant une charge négative, une méthode originale de séchage entre un substrat et un moule microstructuré a permis l'obtention de structures macroscopiques organisées sur plusieurs échelles. D'autres méthodes d'assemblages ont également été utilisées comme des membranes organiques forçant la structuration selon la phase cristalline désirée, mais également l'hybridation sélective de brins d'ADN complémentaire entre les bâtonnets et des nanoparticules métalliques. Les structures de ces matériaux ont alors été analysées par SAXS et microscopie électronique et les propriétés optiques par spectroscopie de fluorescence. Plusieurs types ont montré une exaltation de la fluorescence.Obtaining structured materials on multiple scales provides innovative physical properties, which differ from the individual properties of the constituent building blocks. In this thesis we focused on obtaining materials with novel optical properties. Thus semiconductor anisotropic core/shell rods have been synthesized. Their shape allows them to assemble into liquid-crystalline phases. After functionalization of the surface by hydrophilic molecules having a negative charge, an innovative method of drying the rods suspension between a substrate and a microstructured mold was applied and macroscopic structures organized on several scales were obtained. Other assembly methods have also been studied as the use of an organic mold forcing the structuration according to a particular crystalline phase, but also the selective hybridization of complementary DNA strands between rods and metal nanoparticles. The optical properties of these materials were then analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy and several cases have shown an enhancement of the fluorescence intensity

Organisations multi-échelles de nanobâtonnets semi-conducteurs par auto-assemblage : synthèse, structures et propriétés optiques

Obtaining structured materials on multiple scales provides innovative physical properties, which differ from the individual properties of the constituent building blocks. In this thesis we focused on obtaining materials with novel optical properties. Thus semiconductor anisotropic core/shell rods have been synthesized. Their shape allows them to assemble into liquid-crystalline phases. After functionalization of the surface by hydrophilic molecules having a negative charge, an innovative method of drying the rods suspension between a substrate and a microstructured mold was applied and macroscopic structures organized on several scales were obtained. Other assembly methods have also been studied as the use of an organic mold forcing the structuration according to a particular crystalline phase, but also the selective hybridization of complementary DNA strands between rods and metal nanoparticles. The optical properties of these materials were then analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy and several cases have shown an enhancement of the fluorescence intensity.L'obtention de matériaux structurés sur plusieurs échelles de longueurs permet d'obtenir des propriétés physiques innovantes par rapport aux propriétés individuelles des constituants élémentaires. Dans cette thèse nous nous sommes intéressé à l'obtention de matériaux possédant des propriétés optiques nouvelles. Ainsi des bâtonnets semi-conducteurs anisotropes de type cœur-coquille ont été synthétisés. Leur forme permet de les assembler dans des phases de type cristal-liquides. Après fonctionnalisation de la surface des bâtonnets par des molécules hydrophiles possédant une charge négative, une méthode originale de séchage entre un substrat et un moule microstructuré a permis l'obtention de structures macroscopiques organisées sur plusieurs échelles. D'autres méthodes d'assemblages ont également été utilisées comme des membranes organiques forçant la structuration selon la phase cristalline désirée, mais également l'hybridation sélective de brins d'ADN complémentaire entre les bâtonnets et des nanoparticules métalliques. Les structures de ces matériaux ont alors été analysées par SAXS et microscopie électronique et les propriétés optiques par spectroscopie de fluorescence. Plusieurs types ont montré une exaltation de la fluorescence

OSTE+ for in-situ SAXS Analysis with Droplet Microfluidic Devices

International audienceIn recent years, microfluidic-based sample preparation techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for measurements at large scale X-ray facilities. Most often the microfluidic device was a form of hybrid system, i.e. an assembly of different materials, because a simple, versatile and inexpensive microfabrication method, on the one hand, and X-ray compatibility, on the other hand, cannot generally be achieved by the same material. The arrival of a new polymer family based on Off-Stoichiometric Thiol-Ene-epoxy (OSTE+) has recently redistributed the cards. In this context, we studied the relevance and the compatibility of OSTE+ for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. The material was characterized regarding its X-ray properties (transmission coefficient, attenuation coefficient, scattering pattern and polymer aging under X-ray light) and their comparison with those of the usual polymers used in microfluidics and/or for synchrotron radiation experiments. We show that OSTE+ has a better SAXS signal than polyimide, the polymer of reference in the SAXS community. Then a detailed protocol to manufacture a suitably thin full OSTE+ chip (total thickness <500 µm) is described and the potency of full OSTE+ devices for in-situ SAXS studies is highlighted in two case-studies: the characterization of gold nanoparticles and the precipitation of cerium oxalate particles, both in moving droplets. Additionally, a method to analyze the scattering signals from droplet and carrier phase in a segmented flow is proposed