Le choix du prénom. Des régularités statistiques aux mécanismes cognitifs

Philippe Besnard se félicitait d’avoir écrit l’un des best-sellers de la sociologie française. À bon droit. Ironiquement, il savait que la majeure partie des sociologues l’ignorait, si ce n’est peut-être ceux qui, un jour de désarroi, avaient acheté le Besnard-Desplanque avant d’affronter le Laurence Pernoud. La méconnaissance est encouragée par le livre qui annonce la cote des prénoms et permet à chacun, au prix de quelques calculs élémentaires, de savoir si son choix (ou celui de ses parent..

Pour un programme sociologique non réductionniste en étude des sciences

I L’étude des sciences, telle que la pratiquent essentiellement la philosophie, l’histoire et la sociologie, laisse entrevoir, sur les trente dernières années, une configuration assez particulière que l’on pourrait résumer ainsi: la philosophie des sciences, qui s’est, dès la première moitié du siècle, divisée entre une perspective logique et une perspective historique, semble s’être, majoritairement, ralliée à la première orientation. Le développement objectif de la connaissance scientifique..

Os novos desafios epistemológicos da Sociologia

Um século após a sua fundação, como é que a sociologia pensa o seu programa epistémico fundamental? Esta questão pode parecer desmesurada. No entanto, ela é legítima e urgente. Legítima, porque a reflexão sobre o estatuto epistemológico da sociologia acompanha a disciplina desde a sua origem; urgente, porque o relativismo e o cepticismo contemporâneos lhe exacerbam o alcance. O presente artigo procura dar conta de como, na última década, a sociologia tem vindo a enfrentar este desafio. Acompanha as vias do debate sobre a internacionalização e a indigenização, o relativismo e o racionalismo, e põe em evidência, nos trabalhos epistemológicos contemporâneos, uma nova linha que conjuga pluralismo e racionalismo. Longe de qualquer pretensão normativa, esta perspectiva faz questão de apreender a disciplina não como ela se idealiza, mas sim como se revela à luz do seu processo de construção histórica

Perspective générale : plaidoyer pour un pluralisme sous contraintes

I Si la sociologie prétend être une entreprise intellectuelle de quelque qualité, elle ne peut établir cette prétention que sur pièces. Si elle veut être partie prenante du mouvement scientifique, elle doit, dans la spécificité de ses objets et de ses méthodes, décliner les traits communs à toute entreprise scientifique. Gilles-Gaston Granger les ramenait à trois : la visée d’une réalité; l’objectif de décrire et d’expliquer; le souci de critères de validation (Granger, 1993). Même sommaires ..

La màxima expressió del detall

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Myths and lessons of liberal intervention: The British campaign for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil

This is the Pre-print version of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2012 Martinus NijhoffThis article takes issue with recent references to the British nineteenth century campaign for the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to Brazil that serve to bolster interventionist or imperialist agendas. In particular, such accounts reproduce two and a half myths about the campaign: that it can serve as a model for the present age; that the success of the campaign can be explained through the actions of the intervening party alone (with a corresponding neglect of those of the ‘target’ state); and the half-myth that the campaign’s success was due to military action (at the expense of institutional (legal) and normative factors and the capacity of the target state). I argue instead that this case – and interventions more generally – would benefit from an analysis that considers the role of force in relation to a series of residual institutional and cultural constraints within the liberal state and to political conditions in the target state. In light of the complexities and contingencies that these factors present the underlying lesson is that military force should be used sparingly, if at all

Temperature dependence of the zero-phonon linewidth in quantum dots: An effect of the fluctuating environment

We report systematic measurements on the broadening of the emission spectrum of single quantum dots as a function of temperature and incident power. Spectral diffusion effects in the motional narrowing regime provide a quantitative interpretation of our experimental results. We show that, at low incident power, the thermal activation of spectral diffusion results in a Lorentzian zero-phonon line with a width that increases linearly with temperature. Our study provides a unified interpretation to the widely debated issue of the dispersion of the data on the temperature dependence of this zero-phonon linewidth. Our explanation is based on an original model where acoustic phonons interact with carriers outside the quantum dot

Determining a low disease activity threshold for decision to maintain disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment unchanged in rheumatoid arthritis patients

International audienceINTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine a low disease activity threshold--a 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) value--for the decision to maintain unchanged disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients, based on expert opinion. METHODS: Nine hundred and sixty-seven case scenarios with various levels for each component of the DAS28 (resulting in a disease activity score between 2 and 3.2) were presented to 44 panelists. For each scenario, panelists had to decide whether or not DMARD treatment (excluding steroids) could be maintained unchanged. In each scenario, for decision, the participants were given the DAS28 parameters, without knowledge of the resultant DAS28. The relationship between panelists' decision, DAS28 value, and components of the score were analysed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Each panelist analysed 160 randomised scenarios. Intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-four panelists participated in the study. Inter-panelist agreement was good (kappa = 0.63; 95% confidence interval = 0.61 to 0.65). Intra-panelist agreement was excellent (kappa = 0.87; 95% confidence interval = 0.82 to 0.92). Quasi-perfect agreement was observed for DAS28 3.0. For values below 2.5, panelists agreed to maintain unchanged DMARDs; for values above 2.5, discrepancies occurred more frequently as the DAS28 value increased. Multivariate analysis confirmed the relationship between panelist's decision, DAS28 value and components of the DAS28. Between DAS28 of 2.4 and 3.2, a major determinant for panelists' decision was swollen joint count. Female and public practice physicians decided more often to maintain treatment unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: As a conclusion, panelists suggested that in clinical practice there is no need to change DMARD treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients with DAS28 < or = 2.4

Contribution for the teaching of natural sciences: Mapuche and school knowledge

Within the context of Mapuche families and communities, this paper focuses on the relationship between knowledge and educational methods in teaching the natural sciences. It aims to identify educational methods that have been forged and re-forged in connection with the social, cultural, political, economical and spiritual development experienced by Mapuche communities. Our educational research methodology is based on a qualitative approach in order to unveil the subjective and inter-subjective dimensions that characterize the subjects' educational knowledge in their life context. Our fieldwork has been carried out from a sample of interviews conducted with Mapuche wise men (sabios) living in the Araucanía. The results of the study are divided in four categories: 1) Relationship towards the natural environment; 2) Knowledge regarding living beings; 3) Küyen cycle (phases of the Moon); and finally, 4) Healthy lifestyle. The collected data have allowed us to link different contents (conceptual, practical and attitudinal) underlying the proper Mapuche educational methods to underline their rationalities with reference to core knowledge. Thus, we want to make a case for an epistemological basis substantiating the teaching of natural sciences in relation to Mapuche knowledge. This will allow us to contextualize natural science teaching within the framework of an intercultural educational approach. By doing so, we aim to establish an intellectual dialogue in a context of interethnic and intercultural relationships

EPIdemiology of Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) : Study protocol for a multicentre, observational trial

More than 300 million surgical procedures are performed each year. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after major surgery and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a large variation in the incidence of reported AKI rates. The establishment of an accurate epidemiology of surgery-associated AKI is important for healthcare policy, quality initiatives, clinical trials, as well as for improving guidelines. The objective of the Epidemiology of Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) trial is to prospectively evaluate the epidemiology of AKI after major surgery using the latest Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus definition of AKI. EPIS-AKI is an international prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study including 10 000 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the ICU or a similar high dependency unit. The primary endpoint is the incidence of AKI within 72 hours after surgery according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary endpoints include use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality during ICU and hospital stay, length of ICU and hospital stay and major adverse kidney events (combined endpoint consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality) at day 90. Further, we will evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of postoperative AKI. In an add-on analysis, we will assess urinary biomarkers for early detection of AKI. EPIS-AKI has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Council North Rhine-Westphalia, of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster and the corresponding Ethics Committee at each participating site. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and used to design further AKI-related trials. Trial registration number NCT04165369