941 research outputs found
The Fossil Phase in the Life of a Galaxy Group
We investigate the origin and evolution of fossil groups in a concordance
LCDM cosmological simulation. We consider haloes with masses between
(1-5)\times10^{13} \hMsun and study the physical mechanisms that lead to the
formation of the large gap in magnitude between the brightest and the second
most bright group member, which is typical for these fossil systems. Fossil
groups are found to have high dark matter concentrations, which we can relate
to their early formation time. The large magnitude-gaps arise after the groups
have build up half of their final mass, due to merging of massive group
members. We show that the existence of fossil systems is primarily driven by
the relatively early infall of massive satellites, and that we do not find a
strong environmental dependence for these systems. In addition, we find
tentative evidence for fossil group satellites falling in on orbits with
typically lower angular momentum, which might lead to a more efficient merger
onto the host. We find a population of groups at higher redshifts that go
through a ``fossil phase'': a stage where they show a large magnitude-gap,
which is terminated by renewed infall from their environment.Comment: 9 pages and 8 figures, submitted to MNRA
Molecular Screening for Terahertz Detection with Machine-Learning-Based Methods
The molecular requirements are explored for achieving efficient signal up-conversion in a recently
developed technique for terahertz (THz) detection based on molecular optomechanics. We discuss which
molecular and spectroscopic properties are most important for predicting efficient THz detection and
outline a computational approach based on quantum-chemistry and machine-learning methods for
calculating these properties. We validate this approach by bulk and surface-enhanced Raman scattering
and infrared absorption measurements. We develop a virtual screening methodology performed on
databases of millions of commercially available compounds. Quantum-chemistry calculations for about
3000 compounds are complemented by machine-learning methods to predict applicability of 93 000
organic molecules for detection. Training is performed on vibrational spectroscopic properties based on
absorption and Raman scattering intensities. Our top molecules have conversion intensity two orders of
magnitude higher than an average molecule from the database. We also discuss how other properties like
molecular shape and self-assembling properties influence the detection efficiency. We identify molecular
moieties whose presence in the molecules indicates high activity for THz detection and show an example
where a simple modification of a frequently used self-assembling compound can enhance activity 85-fold.
The capabilities of our screening method are demonstrated on narrow-band and broadband detection
examples, and its possible applications in surface-enhanced spectroscopy are also discussed
Structure of the RBM7-ZCCHC8 core of the NEXT complex reveals connections to splicing factors
The eukaryotic RNA exosome participates extensively in RNA processing and degradation. In human cells, three accessory factors (RBM7, ZCCHC8 and hMTR4) interact to form the nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) complex, which directs a subset of non-coding RNAs for exosomal degradation. Here we elucidate how RBM7 is incorporated in the NEXT complex. We identify a proline-rich segment of ZCCHC8 as the interaction site for the RNA-recognition motif (RRM) of RBM7 and present the crystal structure of the corresponding complex at 2.0 resolution. On the basis of the structure, we identify a proline-rich segment within the splicing factor SAP145 with strong similarity to ZCCHC8. We show that this segment of SAP145 not only binds the RRM region of another splicing factor SAP49 but also the RRM of RBM7. These dual interactions of RBM7 with the exosome and the spliceosome suggest a model whereby NEXT might recruit the exosome to degrade intronic RNAs
How Noisy Adaptation of Neurons Shapes Interspike Interval Histograms and Correlations
Channel noise is the dominant intrinsic noise source of neurons causing variability in the timing of action potentials and interspike intervals (ISI). Slow adaptation currents are observed in many cells and strongly shape response properties of neurons. These currents are mediated by finite populations of ionic channels and may thus carry a substantial noise component. Here we study the effect of such adaptation noise on the ISI statistics of an integrate-and-fire model neuron by means of analytical techniques and extensive numerical simulations. We contrast this stochastic adaptation with the commonly studied case of a fast fluctuating current noise and a deterministic adaptation current (corresponding to an infinite population of adaptation channels). We derive analytical approximations for the ISI density and ISI serial correlation coefficient for both cases. For fast fluctuations and deterministic adaptation, the ISI density is well approximated by an inverse Gaussian (IG) and the ISI correlations are negative. In marked contrast, for stochastic adaptation, the density is more peaked and has a heavier tail than an IG density and the serial correlations are positive. A numerical study of the mixed case where both fast fluctuations and adaptation channel noise are present reveals a smooth transition between the analytically tractable limiting cases. Our conclusions are furthermore supported by numerical simulations of a biophysically more realistic Hodgkin-Huxley type model. Our results could be used to infer the dominant source of noise in neurons from their ISI statistics
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Cool, Pathogen-Free Refuge Lowers Pathogen-Associated Prespawn Mortality of Willamette River Chinook Salmon
Spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha are transported above dams in the Willamette River to provide access to blocked spawning habitat. However, 30â95% of these transplants may die before spawning in some years. To varying degrees, salmon in other tributariesâboth blocked and unblockedâhave similar prespawn mortality (PSM) rates. Our study determined whether holding fish in constant temperature, pathogen-free conditions prior to spawning increased survival through spawning in 2010 through 2012. In addition, we evaluated pathogens as a potential cause of PSM. To monitor survival we captured adult Chinook Salmon early and late in the season from the lower Willamette River and upper tributaries and held them until spawning in 13°C, pathogen-free water. Samples were collected at the time of transport, from moribund or dead fish throughout the summer, and after spawning in the autumn. Prespawn mortalities and postspawned fish from river surveys on holding and spawning reaches above traps were also sampled. Necropsies were performed on all fish, and representative organs were processed for histopathological analysis. Using multiple logistic regression odds ratio analysis, fish that were held were up to 12.6 times less likely to experience PSM than fish that were outplanted to the river. However, Aeromonas salmonicida and Renibacterium salmoninarum were more prevalent in held fish that had PSM than in outplanted fish with PSM, suggesting that fish that were held were more susceptible to these bacteria. Spawned held fish were more likely to have Myxobolus sp. brain infections and less likely to be infected with the kidney myxozoan, Parvicapusla minibicornis, than were spawned outplanted fish. The equal likelihood of other pathogens for held fish and outplanted spawned fish suggests interactive effects determine survival and that holding Chinook Salmon at 13°C prevented expression of lethal pathogenesis. Overall, holding could be a viable method to reduce PSM, but issues of transport stress, proliferative disease, and antibiotics remain
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Reconstructing institutional complexity in practice: A relational model of institutional work and complexity
This article develops a relational model of institutional work and complexity. This model advances current institutional debates on institutional complexity and institutional work in three ways. First, it provides a relational and dynamic perspective on institutional complexity by explaining how constellations of logics - and their degree of internal contradiction - are constructed rather than given. Second, it refines our current understanding of agency, intentionality and effort in institutional work by demonstrating how different dimensions of agency interact dynamically in the institutional work of reconstructing institutional complexity. Third, it situates institutional work in the everyday practice of individuals coping with the institutional complexities of their work. In doing so, it reconnects the construction of institutionally complex settings to the actions and interactions of the individuals who inhabit them
Testing fluvial erosion models using the transient response of bedrock rivers to tectonic forcing in the Apennines, Italy
The transient response of bedrock rivers to a drop in base level can be used to
discriminate between competing fluvial erosion models. However, some recent studies of
bedrock erosion conclude that transient river long profiles can be approximately
characterized by a transportâlimited erosion model, while other authors suggest that a
detachmentâlimited model best explains their field data. The difference is thought to be
due to the relative volume of sediment being fluxed through the fluvial system. Using a
pragmatic approach, we address this debate by testing the ability of endâmember fluvial
erosion models to reproduce the wellâdocumented evolution of three catchments in the
central Apennines (Italy) which have been perturbed to various extents by an
independently constrained increase in relative uplift rate. The transportâlimited model is
unable to account for the catchmentsâresponse to the increase in uplift rate, consistent with
the observed low rates of sediment supply to the channels. Instead, a detachmentâlimited
model with a threshold corresponding to the fieldâderived median grain size of the
sediment plus a slopeâdependent channel width satisfactorily reproduces the overall
convex long profiles along the studied rivers. Importantly, we find that the prefactor in the
hydraulic scaling relationship is uplift dependent, leading to landscapes responding faster
the higher the uplift rate, consistent with field observations. We conclude that a slopeâ
dependent channel width and an entrainment/erosion threshold are necessary ingredients
when modeling landscape evolution or mapping the distribution of fluvial erosion rates in
areas where the rate of sediment supply to channels is low
A discrete time neural network model with spiking neurons II. Dynamics with noise
We provide rigorous and exact results characterizing the statistics of spike
trains in a network of leaky integrate and fire neurons, where time is discrete
and where neurons are submitted to noise, without restriction on the synaptic
weights. We show the existence and uniqueness of an invariant measure of Gibbs
type and discuss its properties. We also discuss Markovian approximations and
relate them to the approaches currently used in computational neuroscience to
analyse experimental spike trains statistics.Comment: 43 pages - revised version - to appear il Journal of Mathematical
Biolog
Fossil Groups Origins: I. RX J105453.3+552102 a very massive and relaxed system at z~0.5
The most accepted scenario for the origin of fossil groups (FGs) is that they
are galaxy associations in which the merging rate was fast and efficient. These
systems have assembled half of their mass at early epoch of the Universe,
subsequently growing by minor mergers. They could contain a fossil record of
the galaxy structure formation. We have started a project in order to
characterize a large sample of FGs. In this paper we present the analysis of
the fossil system RX J105453.3+552102. Optical deep images were used for
studying the properties of the brightest group galaxy and for computing the
photometric luminosity function of the group. We have also performed a detail
dynamical analysis of the system based on redshift data for 116 galaxies. This
galaxy system is located at z=0.47, and shows a quite large line-of-sight
velocity dispersion \sigma_{v}~1000 km/s. Assuming the dynamical equilibrium,
we estimated a virial mass of M ~ 10^{15} h_{70} M_{\odot}. No evidence of
substructure was found within 1.4 Mpc radius. We found a statistically
significant departure from Gaussianity of the group members velocities in the
most external regions of the group. This could indicate the presence of
galaxies in radial orbits in the external region of the group. We also found
that the photometrical luminosity function is bimodal, showing a lack of M_{r}
~ -19.5 galaxies. The brightest group galaxy shows low Sersic parameter (n~2)
and a small peculiar velocity. Indeed, our accurate photometry shows that the
difference between the brightest and the second brightest galaxies is 1.9 mag
in the r-band, while the classical definition of FGs is based on a magnitude
gap of 2. We conclude that this fossil system does not follow the empirical
definition of FGs. Nevertheless, it is a massive, old and undisturbed galaxy
system with little infall of L^{*} galaxies since its initial collapse.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication at A&
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