Light-harvesting superstructures of green plant chloroplasts lacking photosystems

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Belgio, E., Ungerer, P., and Ruban, A. V. (2015) Light-harvesting superstructures of green plant chloroplasts lacking photosystems. Plant Cell Environ, 38: 2035–2047. doi: 10.1111/pce.12528.which has been published in final form at https://dx.10.1111/pce.12528. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.This work was supported by TheLeverhulme Trust and BBSRC research grants to A.V.R

pH sensitivity of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching is determined by the detergent/protein ratio and the state of LHCII aggregation

AbstractHere we show how the protein environment in terms of detergent concentration/protein aggregation state, affects the sensitivity to pH of isolated, native LHCII, in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Three detergent concentrations (200, 20 and 6μM n-dodecyl β-d-maltoside) have been tested. It was found that at the detergent concentration of 6μM, low pH quenching of LHCII is close to the physiological response to lumen acidification possessing pK of 5.5. The analysis has been conducted both using arbitrary PAM fluorimetry measurements and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime component analysis. The second led to the conclusion that the 3.5ns component lifetime corresponds to an unnatural state of LHCII, induced by the detergent used for solubilising the protein, whilst the 2ns component is rather the most representative lifetime component of the conformational state of LHCII in the natural thylakoid membrane environment when the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was absent. The 2ns component is related to a pre-aggregated LHCII that makes it more sensitive to pH than the trimeric LHCII with the dominating 3.5ns lifetime component. The pre-aggregated LHCII displayed both a faster response to protons and a shift in the pK for quenching to higher values, from 4.2 to 4.9. We concluded that environmental factors like lipids, zeaxanthin and PsbS protein that modulate NPQ in vivo could control the state of LHCII aggregation in the dark that makes it more or less sensitive to the lumen acidification. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: Keys to Produce Clean Energy

Intraductal prostate cancer: An aggressive subset of prostate cancers? Immunophenotypic evaluation

Introduction: The presence of intraductal prostate cancer in a sample is often associated with large tumor volume, an advanced stage of the disease, a high Gleason score and an increased risk of recurrence, and resistance to androgen suppression and chemotherapy, which are also correlated with reduced progression-free survival and with postoperative, biochemical relapse. Methods: The aim of our study was to investigate whether carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is upregulated in prostate cancer and to investigate ERG and EZH2 as potential markers for cancer aggression in aggressive acinar disease with intraductal component prostate cancer. The series consisted of 79 cases of prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for EZH2 ERG and CA IX. Results: The results of this study underline the fact that EZH2 protein expression is a powerful predictor of PSA relapse in prostate cancer and that this effect is stronger in ERG-positive cancers than in ERG-negative cancers. Evident EZH2 nuclear expression was found in prostatic tumor, proposing increased EZH2 expression important for the spread of prostate cancer. Conclusions: The relationship to tumor phenotype and prognosis was more considerable in ERG-positive tumors than in ERG-negative tumors. EZH2 has gained great interest as a target for epigenetic cancer therapy. Although prostate cancer is a hypoxic tumor, it does not express CA IX and cannot be used as an endogenous marker for hypoxia. © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved

Safety conscious or living dangerously: what is the ‘right’ level of plant photoprotection for fitness and productivity?

Due to their sessile nature, plants could be perceived to be relatively slow and rather un-reactive. However, a plant scientist will tell you that the inability to run away (tropism notwithstanding) actually demands a highly sophisticated physiological response to the environment. Light presents an extreme case: cloud cover and wind-induced motion can lead to irradiance changes of several orders of magnitude over timescales of seconds and minutes. Being autotrophic organisms and having evolved to harvest light, plants need to dynamically regulate their biochemistry so that it operates efficiently during these fluxes, maintaining plant fitness but minimising the risk of damage. Photosynthesis is driven at a rate that depends on the amount of available light, as shown by the schematic photosynthesis-light response curves of C3 species (Fig. 1). In nature, CO2 assimilation can go from being light-limited to being light-saturated within a very short period of time. To maximise CO2 uptake, photosynthesis should ‘track’ light levels accurately inducing and removing photoprotective processes accurately. Being able to measure photoprotection precisely in naturally fluctuating settings is difficult; however, a paper in this volume of Plant, Cell and Environment proposes a significant advance (Tietz et al. 2017)

Versatile and non-cytotoxic GelMA-xanthan gum biomaterial ink for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting

Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting allows the 3D printing of bioinks, composed of cells and biomaterials, to mimic the complex 3D hierarchical structure of native tissues. Successful 3D bioprinting requires bioinks with specific properties, such as biocompatibility, printability, and biodegradability according to the desired application. In the present work, we aimed at developing a new versatile blend of gelatin methacryloyl-xanthan gum (GelMA-XG) suitable for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting with a straightforward process. To this end, we first optimized the process of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) synthesis by investigating the impact of different buffer solutions on the degree of functionalization, swelling degree, and degradation rate. The addition of xanthan gum (XG) enabled further tuning of biodegradability and an improvement of GelMA printability. Specifically, an optimal concentration of XG was found through rheological characterization and printability tests. The optimized blend showed enhanced printability and improved shape fidelity as well as its degradation products turned out to be non-cytotoxic, thus laying the foundation for cell-based applications. In conclusion, our newly developed biomaterial ink is a promising candidate for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting

Prognostic impact of macrometastasis linear size in sentinel node biopsy for breast carcinoma

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk of axillary non-sentinel lymph-node metastases (ALN) in breast cancer patients presenting macrometastasis (Mac-m) in the sentinel lymph node (SN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective series of 1464 breast cancers from patients who underwent ALN dissection following the diagnosis of Mac-m in the sentinel node (SN) was studied. In all the cases the MAC-m linear size was evaluated and correlated with presence or absence of non-SN ALN metastases. RESULTS: Non-SN metastases were detected in 644\1464 cases (43.98%). The risk of further axillary metastases ranged from 20.2% (37/183) in cases with Mac-m between 2 and 2.9 mm, to 65.3% (262/401) in cases with Mac-m measuring > 10 mm. The risk of non-SN ALN metastases showed a 3% increase, parallel to each mm increment in SN metastasis size. The data evaluated with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the Mac-m could be subdivided according to a new cut-off of 7 mm. pT1 tumours, with Mac-m < 7 mm had a risk of non-SN ALN metastases of <30%. Furthermore 109/127 of these (85.8%) had 3 or less non-SN ALN -metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The present data give a detailed description on the risk of non-SN ALN involvement, that may be useful in the evaluation of breast cancer patients. It is suggested that a Mac-m size of <7 mm is related to a low residual axillary disease burden in breast cancer patients with small (pT1) tumours

Enhanced thylakoid photoprotection can increase yield and canopy radiation use efficiency in rice

High sunlight can raise plant growth rates but can potentially cause cellular damage. The likelihood of deleterious effects is lowered by a sophisticated set of photoprotective mechanisms, one of the most important being the controlled dissipation of energy from chlorophyll within photosystem II (PSII) measured as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Although ubiquitous, the role of NPQ in plant productivity remains uncertain because it momentarily reduces the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis. Here we used plants overexpressing the gene encoding a central regulator of NPQ, the protein PsbS, within a major crop species (rice) to assess the effect of photoprotection at the whole canopy scale. We accounted for canopy light interception, to our knowledge for the first time in this context. We show that in comparison to wild-type plants, psbS overexpressors increased canopy radiation use efficiency and grain yield in fluctuating light, demonstrating that photoprotective mechanisms should be altered to improve rice crop productivity

Fine control of chlorophyll-carotenoid interactions defines the functionality of light-harvesting proteins in plants

V.B. and C.D.P.D. acknowledge the support from the Leverhulme Trust RPG-2015-337. This research utilized Queen Mary’s MidPlus computational facilities, supported by QMUL Research-IT and funded by EPSRC grant EP/K000128/1. W.P.B acknowledges support from the Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center (PARC), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award DE-SC0001035 for initial development of the TDC calculation code, as well as support from Army Research Office (ARO-MURI) Award W911NF1210420 for further development

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F-V/F-M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge fromdifferent Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.Kalaji, H.; Schansker, G.; Brestic, M.; Bussotti, F.; Calatayud, A.; Ferroni, L.; Goltsev, V.... (2017). Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. 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