Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas con relación al uso preventivo de los equipos de protección personal. Planta extractora de aceite crudo de palma africana, Cooperativa Salamá, municipio de Tocoa, departamento de Colón, Honduras. Enero 2020

Estudio CAP, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Participaron 30 trabajadores de planta extractora de aceite crudo, Cooperativa Salamá que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, firmaron previamente consentimiento informado y realizaron el llenado de las encuestas, y se realizó verificación de uso de equipo de protección personal en 15 trabajadores, distribuidos 5 en actividad de descarga, 5 en canastas y 5 en florentinos. Se obtuvo que los trabajadores tienen conocimiento de EPP, la mayoría 26 (87%) conocen que son los EPP, la importancia, refieren la consecuencia que más se puede dar son las quemaduras, conocen tipos de EPP, como mantenimiento refieren el buen cuido. Las actitudes que tienen la mayoría 18 (62%) son adecuadas, ya que están totalmente de acuerdo con la importancia de EPP. La práctica de los trabajadores según encuesta se hace uso de los EPP, pero según observación directa el 60% del personal no hacen uso del EPP completo. En relación con el conocimiento se puede observar que los trabajadores de planta extractora de aceite crudo, Cooperativa Salamá conoce sobre EPP, la importancia, las consecuencias, el mantenimiento. En cuanto a la práctica y observación directa del uso de EPP es baja ya que los trabajadores hacen solo uso de EPP para proteger manos y pies, descuidando la vía respiratoria, vista y auditiva

Dimensiones del ojo del recién nacido a término mediante ultrasonografía: Una revisión de alcance.: Term newborn's eye dimensions taken by ultrasonography: a scope review.

Objetive: To describe the dimensions of the eye of the term neonate by ultrasonography. Methods: Scope review. Data were obtained for anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous depth, and ocular axial axis length. The information search was carried out for the period 1990 to 2020, finding six studies containing data on measurements in 384 eyes for the depth of the anterior chamber and the thickness of the lens, 212 eyes for the vitreous depth and 436 eyes for the axial axis. ocular. Results: The weighted mean for the dimensions was: anterior chamber depth: 2.4 mm, lens thickness: 3.7 mm, vitreous depth: 10.8 mm, and ocular axial axis length: 16.9 mm. Conclusion: The measurements of the anterior chamber, vitreous depth and ocular axial axis present wide variations, while the variation in the measurement of the lens thickness is minimal.Objetivo: Describir las dimensiones del ojo del neonato a término mediante ultrasonografía. Métodos: Revisión de alcance. Se obtuvieron datos para la profundidad de la cámara anterior, el grosor del cristalino, la profundidad vítrea y la longitud del eje axial ocular. La búsqueda de información se realizó para el periodo 1990 a 2020, encontrándose seis estudios conteniendo datos sobre las mediciones en 384 ojos para la profundidad de la cámara anterior y el grosor del cristalino, 212 ojos para la profundidad vítrea y 436 ojos para el eje axial ocular. Resultados: La media ponderada para las dimensiones fue: profundidad de la cámara anterior: 2,4 mm, grosor de cristalino: 3.7 mm, profundidad vítrea:10.8 mm y longitud del eje axial ocular: 16.9 mm. Conclusión: Las medidas de la cámara anterior, profundidad vítrea y eje axial ocular presentan amplias variaciones, en tanto que la variación en la medida del grosor del cristalino es mínima

Adaptación de Scrum como marco de trabajo aplicado al Enfoque por Competencias

Las nuevas propuestas de la formación educativa universitaria con un enfoque centrado en el estudiante y dirigido por competencias para alumnos de las carreras de ingeniería, representa un gran desafío para los docentes, quienes deben modificar sus propuestas de formación de manera tal que los diseños curriculares permitan a sus alumnos adquirir no sólo los contenidos disciplinares sino también los conocimientos, habilidades y destrezas (competencias) planteados en los nuevos planes de estudios para hacer frente al mercado laboral actual. En este marco la cátedra de Programación II de la carrera de ingeniería en informática de la UCSE-DASS presenta una adaptación del marco de trabajo Scrum como modelo para la adquisición de contenidos disciplinares y competencias con un enfoque centrado en el estudiante; dicha adaptación se realizó en el presente ciclo lectivo para hacer frente a los desafíos propuestos.Ibero-American Science and Technology Education Consortiu

The Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network: A Model for Community-based Environmental Monitoring for Public Health Action.

The Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network (the Network) is a collaborative group of community, academic, nongovernmental, and government partners designed to fill the need for more detailed data on particulate matter in an area that often exceeds air quality standards. The Network employs a community-based environmental monitoring process in which the community and researchers have specific, well-defined roles as part of an equitable partnership that also includes shared decision-making to determine study direction, plan research protocols, and conduct project activities. The Network is currently producing real-time particulate matter data from 40 low-cost sensors throughout Imperial County, one of the largest community-based air networks in the United States. Establishment of a community-led air network involves engaging community members to be citizen-scientists in the monitoring, siting, and data collection process. Attention to technical issues regarding instrument calibration and validation and electronic transfer and storage of data is also essential. Finally, continued community health improvements will be predicated on facilitating community ownership and sustainability of the network after research funds have been expended

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Resisting Pandemics: balconies, musicians and contemporary lockdowns in contemporary Spain

[EN]If someone had asked us during the first days of confinement about our plans to cope with the crisis, we doubt that ‘writing a paper about musicians’ would had been our quick answer. We felt very distracted at first, unable to do research work, frantically checking out our body temperatures while explored the uncharted waters – at least for us – of online teaching. In all honesty, the task of trying to give sociological sense to mandatory social distancing dwarfed us, at least during the early stages – for us the lockdown effectively began on March the 12th; the Spanish Government formally declared a state of emergency on March the 14th. If only we had paid more attention to debates on moral panics or public health crises. We questioned our own skills and standing as sociologists. It was discomforting, and humbling, to realise that we, as academics, are not a vital profession

Creatividad, autonomía y autenticidad: un estudio de los músicos indie en España.

This article focuses on indie musicians in Spain. Drawing on thirty in depth interviews with musicians, the paper addresses authenticity as a source of conflicts within alternative scenes. Indie musicians belong to a specific space of creation, a ‘subfield’ according to the terminology suggested by Pierre Bourdieu. Indie music is a space with its own standing among popular music, one which has developed complex and shifting relations with the music industry. That is a space where artistic partnerships coexist with patterns of internal conflict. Our analysis points at a transformation in the priorities of many of these musicians. Insisting on a particular profile vis-a-vis other musicians in terms of reputation and authenticity has become a clear priority. These strategies of differentiation, which we address as expressions of subcultural capital, are built on a search for innovation, particularized knowledge and spaces. This article proposes a reading of musicians as relevant expressions of larger conflicts and value shifts about the meaning of independence in contemporary societies.Este artículo estudia a los músicos indie en España. A partir de treinta entrevistas a músicos, se discuten los conflictos sobre la autenticidad en el espacio alternativo contemporáneo. Los músicos indie conforman un espacio de creación propio, un “subcampo” en la terminología propuesta por Pierre Bourdieu. Es un espacio cruzado por relaciones múltiples y maleables con la industria y reconocido dentro de las músicas populares, en donde conviven convergencias artísticas con patrones de conflicto. El análisis revela la transformación de las preocupaciones de muchos de estos músicos. Para gran parte de ellos, lo relevante es remarcar las diferencias con otros músicos desde la perspectiva de la reputación y la autenticidad. Esas barreras de diferenciación, que entendemos como una expresión de capital subcultural, se construyen sobre una serie de estrategias, centradas en la experimentación, el conocimiento y el tránsito por espacios alternativos. En última instancia, el artículo sitúa a los músicos indie como altavoces privilegiados de conflictos valorativos e ideológicos en torno a la definición social de la independencia, y también como agentes relevantes en la articulación de dicha definición

The Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network: A Model for Community-based Environmental Monitoring for Public Health Action.

SummaryThe Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network (the Network) is a collaborative group of community, academic, nongovernmental, and government partners designed to fill the need for more detailed data on particulate matter in an area that often exceeds air quality standards. The Network employs a community-based environmental monitoring process in which the community and researchers have specific, well-defined roles as part of an equitable partnership that also includes shared decision-making to determine study direction, plan research protocols, and conduct project activities. The Network is currently producing real-time particulate matter data from 40 low-cost sensors throughout Imperial County, one of the largest community-based air networks in the United States. Establishment of a community-led air network involves engaging community members to be citizen-scientists in the monitoring, siting, and data collection process. Attention to technical issues regarding instrument calibration and validation and electronic transfer and storage of data is also essential. Finally, continued community health improvements will be predicated on facilitating community ownership and sustainability of the network after research funds have been expended. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP177