PDE4 and mAKAPβ are nodal organizers of β2-ARs nuclear PKA signalling in cardiac myocytes

International audienceAims: β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) produce different acute contractile effects on the heart partly because they impact on different cytosolic pools of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). They also exert different effects on gene expression but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms by which β1- and β2-ARs regulate nuclear PKA activity in cardiomyocytes.Methods and results: We used cytoplasmic and nuclear targeted biosensors to examine cAMP signals and PKA activity in adult rat ventricular myocytes upon selective β1- or β2-ARs stimulation. Both β1- and β2-AR stimulation increased cAMP and activated PKA in the cytoplasm. Although the two receptors also increased cAMP in the nucleus, only β1-ARs increased nuclear PKA activity and up-regulated the PKA target gene and pro-apoptotic factor, inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER). Inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE)4, but not Gi, PDE3, GRK2 nor caveolae disruption disclosed nuclear PKA activation and ICER induction by β2-ARs. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic PKI prevented nuclear PKA activation and ICER induction by β1-ARs, indicating that PKA activation outside the nucleus is required for subsequent nuclear PKA activation and ICER mRNA expression. Cytoplasmic PKI also blocked ICER induction by β2-AR stimulation (with concomitant PDE4 inhibition). However, in this case nuclear PKI decreased ICER up-regulation by only 30%, indicating that other mechanisms are involved. Down-regulation of mAKAPβ partially inhibited nuclear PKA activation upon β1-AR stimulation, and drastically decreased nuclear PKA activation upon β2-AR stimulation in the presence of PDE4 inhibition.Conclusions: β1- and β2-ARs differentially regulate nuclear PKA activity and ICER expression in cardiomyocytes. PDE4 insulates a mAKAPβ-targeted PKA pool at the nuclear envelope that prevents nuclear PKA activation upon β2-AR stimulation

Imipramine as an alternative to formamide to detubulate rat ventricular cardiomyocytes

International audienceT-tubules are membrane invaginations essential for the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Imipramine like other cationic amphiphilic drugs, interfere with the PI(4,5)P2 interactions with proteins maintaining the tubular system connected to cell surface. Our main purpose was to validate imipramine as a new detubulating agent in cardiomyocytes. Staining adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVMs) with di-4-ANEPPS, we showed that unlike formamide, imipramine induces a complete detubulation with no impact on cell viability. Using the patch-clamp technique, we observed a ~40% decrease in cell capacitance after imipramine pretreatment and a reduction of ICa,L Disclaimer: This is a confidential document

Differential regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear PKA activity by β1- and β2-ARs in adult rat ventricular myocytes

Dans le cœur, l’activation aiguë de la voie AMPc/PKA via la stimulation des récepteurs β-adrénergiques (β-ARs) permet de réguler la contraction cardiaque alors que l’activation chronique de cette voie est délétère, car elle est source de survenue d’arythmies cardiaques et de remodelage hypertrophique du cœur. Au niveau des cardiomyocytes, Il existe principalement deux sous-types de récepteurs β-ARs ; β1- et β2-ARs, qui exercent des effets différents sur la fonction cardiaque.Dans une première partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’étude du rôle des récepteurs β1- et β2-ARs dans la régulation différentielle de l’activité PKA cytoplasmique et nucléaire. J’ai ainsi pu montrer que contrairement aux récepteurs β1-ARs qui ont la capacité d’activer la PKA au niveau du cytoplasme et aux noyaux, les récepteurs β2-ARs activent la PKA uniquement au niveau du cytoplasme, et ce indépendamment de la capacité des récepteurs β2-ARs à induire une augmentation des niveaux d’AMPc dans les noyaux. En accord avec ces résultats, les récepteurs β1- mais pas β2-ARs activent le facteur pro-apoptotique régulé par la PKA, ICER.Dans une seconde partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé aux différents mécanismes responsables de l’incapacité des récepteurs β2-ARs à activer la PKA au niveau des noyaux. Mes résultats soulignent le rôle de la localisation des récepteurs β2-ARs au niveau des cavéoles, leurs couplage aux protéines Gi, leurs désensibilisation par la GRK2 ainsi que la dégradation de l’AMPc généré par ces récepteurs par la PDE3 et 4 dans la régulation de la signalisation PKA cytoplasmique et pointent vers la PDE4 comme un régulateur central permettant de limiter l’activation de la PKA holoenzyme responsable des réponses PKA nucléaires. Mes résultats montrent également que la mAKAP est un élément clé dans la transduction de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β2-ARs et à un moindre degré, les récepteurs β1-ARs. Dans la dernière partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié le remodelage de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β1- et β2-ARs au cours de l’insuffisance cardiaque. J’ai ainsi pu montrer qu’en plus de la diminution de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β1-ARs, il existe une signalisation PKA nucléaire de novo induite par les récepteurs β2-ARs dans les cardiomyocytes de rat adulte insuffisants.En conclusion, ce travail a mis à jour une nouvelle différence entre les récepteurs β1- et β2-ARs dans la signalisation PKA au niveau des noyaux des cardiomyocytes de rat adultes, et souligne le rôle important de la PDE4 et de la mAKAP dans la régulation de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β2-ARs.In the heart, acute activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway upon stimulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs), plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cardiac function, whereas chronic activation of this pathway is deleterious, as it is responsible for cardiac arrhythmias and hypertrophic remodeling of the heart. In cardiac myocytes, there are mainly two subtypes of β-ARs: β1- and β2-ARs, which exert different effects on cardiac function.In the first part of my thesis, my work was focused on understanding the role of β1- and β2-ARs in the differential regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear PKA activity. Hence, I have showed that unlike β1-ARs which have the capacity to induce the activation of PKA in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, β2-ARs induce the activation of PKA only in the cytoplasmic compartment, regardless of their ability to induce an increase in cAMP in the nuclei. Consistently, β1- but not β2-ARs were able to induce the activation of the pro-apoptotic factor regulated by PKA, ICER.The second aim of my thesis was to decipher the different mechanisms involved in the inability of β2-ARs to activate PKA in the nucleus. I concentrated my efforts on investigating the role of the localization of β2-ARs in caveolae, their coupling to Gi proteins, their desensitization by GRK2 as well as the hydrolysis of cAMP by PDE3 and 4 in the regulation of β2-AR-induced cytoplasmic PKA activity. My results point to PDE4 as a central regulator which limits the activation of the PKA holoenzyme pool involved in the nuclear PKA responses. My results also show that mAKAP is a key component of nuclear PKA signaling induced by β2-ARs and to a lesser extent by β1-ARs. In the last part of my thesis, I have studied the remodeling of nuclear PKA signaling induced by β1- and β2-ARs that occurs during heart failure. I showed that, besides a decrease in β1-AR-induced nuclear PKA signaling, there is a de novo β2-AR-induced nuclear PKA signaling in cardiomyocytes from rat with heart failure.In conclusion, this work uncovers a new difference in PKA signaling between β1- and β2-ARs at the nuclear compartment of adult rat cardiomyocytes and underlines the importance of PDE4 and mAKAP in the regulation of β2-AR-induced nuclear PKA signaling

Régulation différentielle de l’activité PKA cytoplasmique et nucléaire par les récepteurs β1- et β2-ARs dans les cardiomyocytes ventriculaires de rat adulte

In the heart, acute activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway upon stimulation of β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs), plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cardiac function, whereas chronic activation of this pathway is deleterious, as it is responsible for cardiac arrhythmias and hypertrophic remodeling of the heart. In cardiac myocytes, there are mainly two subtypes of β-ARs: β1- and β2-ARs, which exert different effects on cardiac function.In the first part of my thesis, my work was focused on understanding the role of β1- and β2-ARs in the differential regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear PKA activity. Hence, I have showed that unlike β1-ARs which have the capacity to induce the activation of PKA in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, β2-ARs induce the activation of PKA only in the cytoplasmic compartment, regardless of their ability to induce an increase in cAMP in the nuclei. Consistently, β1- but not β2-ARs were able to induce the activation of the pro-apoptotic factor regulated by PKA, ICER.The second aim of my thesis was to decipher the different mechanisms involved in the inability of β2-ARs to activate PKA in the nucleus. I concentrated my efforts on investigating the role of the localization of β2-ARs in caveolae, their coupling to Gi proteins, their desensitization by GRK2 as well as the hydrolysis of cAMP by PDE3 and 4 in the regulation of β2-AR-induced cytoplasmic PKA activity. My results point to PDE4 as a central regulator which limits the activation of the PKA holoenzyme pool involved in the nuclear PKA responses. My results also show that mAKAP is a key component of nuclear PKA signaling induced by β2-ARs and to a lesser extent by β1-ARs. In the last part of my thesis, I have studied the remodeling of nuclear PKA signaling induced by β1- and β2-ARs that occurs during heart failure. I showed that, besides a decrease in β1-AR-induced nuclear PKA signaling, there is a de novo β2-AR-induced nuclear PKA signaling in cardiomyocytes from rat with heart failure.In conclusion, this work uncovers a new difference in PKA signaling between β1- and β2-ARs at the nuclear compartment of adult rat cardiomyocytes and underlines the importance of PDE4 and mAKAP in the regulation of β2-AR-induced nuclear PKA signaling.Dans le cœur, l’activation aiguë de la voie AMPc/PKA via la stimulation des récepteurs β-adrénergiques (β-ARs) permet de réguler la contraction cardiaque alors que l’activation chronique de cette voie est délétère, car elle est source de survenue d’arythmies cardiaques et de remodelage hypertrophique du cœur. Au niveau des cardiomyocytes, Il existe principalement deux sous-types de récepteurs β-ARs ; β1- et β2-ARs, qui exercent des effets différents sur la fonction cardiaque.Dans une première partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’étude du rôle des récepteurs β1- et β2-ARs dans la régulation différentielle de l’activité PKA cytoplasmique et nucléaire. J’ai ainsi pu montrer que contrairement aux récepteurs β1-ARs qui ont la capacité d’activer la PKA au niveau du cytoplasme et aux noyaux, les récepteurs β2-ARs activent la PKA uniquement au niveau du cytoplasme, et ce indépendamment de la capacité des récepteurs β2-ARs à induire une augmentation des niveaux d’AMPc dans les noyaux. En accord avec ces résultats, les récepteurs β1- mais pas β2-ARs activent le facteur pro-apoptotique régulé par la PKA, ICER.Dans une seconde partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé aux différents mécanismes responsables de l’incapacité des récepteurs β2-ARs à activer la PKA au niveau des noyaux. Mes résultats soulignent le rôle de la localisation des récepteurs β2-ARs au niveau des cavéoles, leurs couplage aux protéines Gi, leurs désensibilisation par la GRK2 ainsi que la dégradation de l’AMPc généré par ces récepteurs par la PDE3 et 4 dans la régulation de la signalisation PKA cytoplasmique et pointent vers la PDE4 comme un régulateur central permettant de limiter l’activation de la PKA holoenzyme responsable des réponses PKA nucléaires. Mes résultats montrent également que la mAKAP est un élément clé dans la transduction de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β2-ARs et à un moindre degré, les récepteurs β1-ARs. Dans la dernière partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié le remodelage de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β1- et β2-ARs au cours de l’insuffisance cardiaque. J’ai ainsi pu montrer qu’en plus de la diminution de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β1-ARs, il existe une signalisation PKA nucléaire de novo induite par les récepteurs β2-ARs dans les cardiomyocytes de rat adulte insuffisants.En conclusion, ce travail a mis à jour une nouvelle différence entre les récepteurs β1- et β2-ARs dans la signalisation PKA au niveau des noyaux des cardiomyocytes de rat adultes, et souligne le rôle important de la PDE4 et de la mAKAP dans la régulation de la signalisation PKA nucléaire induite par les récepteurs β2-ARs

Phosphodiestérases des nucléotides cycliques dans le coeur et les vaisseaux : une perspective thérapeutique

International audienceCyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade the second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), thereby regulating multiple aspects of cardiac and vascular muscle functions. This highly diverse class of enzymes encoded by 21 genes encompasses 11 families that are not only responsible for the Abbreviations: AKAP, A-kinase anchoring protein

Phosphodiestérases des nucléotides cycliques : rôle dans le coeur et potentiel thérapeutique

International audienceCyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade the second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), thereby regulating multiple aspects of cardiac function. This highly diverse class of enzymes encoded by 21 genes encompasses 11 families that are not only responsible for the termination of cyclic nucleotide signalling, but are also involved in the generation of dynamic microdomains of cAMP and cGMP, controlling specific cell functions in response to various neurohormonal stimuli. In the myocardium, the PDE3 and PDE4 families predominate, degrading cAMP and thereby regulating cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. PDE3 inhibitors are positive inotropes and vasodilators in humans, but their use is limited to acute heart failure and intermittent claudication. PDE5 inhibitors, which are used with success to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, do not seem efficient in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. There is experimental evidence however that these PDE, as well as other PDE families including PDE1, PDE2 and PDE9, may play important roles in cardiac diseases, such as hypertrophy and heart failure (HF). After a brief presentation of the cyclic nucleotide pathways in cardiac myocytes and the major characteristics of the PDE superfamily, this review will focus on the potential use of PDE inhibitors in HF, and the recent research developments that could lead to a better exploitation of the therapeutic potential of these enzymes in the future.Les phosphodiestérases des nucléotides cycliques (PDE) dégradent les seconds messagers AMPc et GMPc qui constituent des régulateurs majeurs de la fonction cardiaque. Cette classe d’enzymes très diversifiée, codée par vingt et un gènes, englobe onze familles qui sont responsables de la terminaison des signaux transmis par les nucléotides cycliques. Ces PDE sont également impliquées dans la génération de microdomaines dynamiques d’AMPc et de GMPc, contrôlant des fonctions spécifiques des cellules en réponse à divers stimuli neuro-hormonaux. Dans le myocarde, les PDE3 et PDE4 sont prédominantes pour dégrader l’AMPc et régulent le couplage excitation-contraction cardiaque. Les inhibiteurs de PDE3 sont inotropes positifs et vasodilatateurs chez l’homme, mais leur utilisation est limitée au traitement de l’insuffisance cardiaque aiguë et de la claudication intermittente. Les inhibiteurs de PDE5, utilisés avec succès pour traiter la dysfonction érectile et l’hypertension pulmonaire, ne semblent pas efficaces dans l’insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d’éjection préservée. Des travaux expérimentaux suggèrent néanmoins que ces PDE ainsi que d’autres, en particulier les PDE1, PDE2 et PDE9, jouent un rôle important dans l’hypertrophie et l’insuffisance cardiaque. Après un bref aperçu des voies des nucléotides cycliques dans les myocytes cardiaques et des principales caractéristiques des PDE, cette revue fera le point sur les travaux de recherche récents susceptibles de conduire à une meilleure exploitation du potentiel thérapeutique de ces enzymes pour le traitement futur de l’insuffisance cardiaque

Control of cytoplasmic and nuclear protein kinase A by phosphodiesterases and phosphatases in cardiac myocytes

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Cardiac overexpression of PDE4B blunts β-adrenergic response and maladaptive remodeling in heart failure

International audienceBackground The cAMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) is a key negative regulator of cardiac β-adrenergic (β-AR) stimulation. PDE4B deficiency leads to abnormal Ca2+ handling and PDE4B is decreased in pressure overload hypertrophy, suggesting that increasing PDE4B in the heart is beneficial in heart failure (HF). Methods: We measured PDE4B expression in human cardiac tissues, developed two transgenic mouse lines with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of PDE4B (PDE4B-TG), and an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 encoding PDE4B (AAV9-PDE4B). Myocardial structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography, ECG, and in Langendorff-perfused hearts. Cyclic AMP and PKA activity were monitored by Förster resonance energy transfer, ICa,L by whole cell patch-clamp, and cardiomyocyte shortening and Ca2+ transients with an Ionoptix® system. HF was induced by 2 weeks infusion of isoproterenol (Iso) or transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Cardiac remodeling was evaluated by serial echocardiography, morphometric analysis and histology. Results: PDE4B protein was decreased in human failing hearts. The first PDE4B-TG mouse line (TG15) had a ~15-fold increase in cardiac cAMP-PDE activity and a ~30% decrease in cAMP content and fractional shortening associated with a mild cardiac hypertrophy that resorbed with age. Basal ex vivo myocardial function was unchanged, but β-AR stimulation of cardiac inotropy, cAMP, PKA, ICa,L, Ca2+ transients and cell contraction were blunted. Endurance capacity and life expectancy were normal. Moreover, these mice were protected from systolic dysfunction, hypertrophy, lung congestion and fibrosis induced by chronic Iso treatment. In the second transgenic mouse line (TG50), markedly higher PDE4B overexpression, resulting in a ~50-fold increase in cardiac cAMP-PDE activity caused a ~50% decrease in fractional shortening, hypertrophy, dilatation and premature death. In contrast, mice injected with AAV9-PDE4B (1012 viral particles/mouse) had a ~50% increase in cardiac cAMP-PDE activity which did not modify basal cardiac function but efficiently prevented systolic dysfunction, apoptosis and fibrosis, while attenuating hypertrophy induced by chronic Iso infusion. Similarly, AAV9-PDE4B slowed contractile deterioration, attenuated hypertrophy and lung congestion and prevented apoptosis and fibrotic remodeling in TAC. Conclusions: Our results indicate that a moderate increase in PDE4B is cardioprotective and suggest that cardiac gene therapy with PDE4B might constitute a new promising approach to treat HF

Control of cytoplasmic and nuclear protein kinase A by phosphodiesterases and phosphatases in cardiac myocytes

AIMS: The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) mediates β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) regulation of cardiac contraction and gene expression. Whereas PKA activity is well characterized in various subcellular compartments of adult cardiomyocytes, its regulation in the nucleus remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to compare the modalities of PKA regulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cytoplasmic and nuclear cAMP and PKA activity were measured with targeted fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes in adult rat ventricular myocytes. β-AR stimulation with isoprenaline (Iso) led to fast cAMP elevation in both compartments, whereas PKA activity was fast in the cytoplasm but markedly slower in the nucleus. Iso was also more potent and efficient in activating cytoplasmic than nuclear PKA. Similar slow kinetics of nuclear PKA activation was observed upon adenylyl cyclase activation with L-858051 or phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxantine. Consistently, pulse stimulation with Iso (15 s) maximally induced PKA and myosin-binding protein C phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, but marginally activated PKA and cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation in the nucleus. Inhibition of PDE4 or ablation of the Pde4d gene in mice prolonged cytoplasmic PKA activation and enhanced nuclear PKA responses. In the cytoplasm, phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) contributed to the termination of PKA responses, whereas only PP1 played a role in the nucleus. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals a differential integration of cytoplasmic and nuclear PKA responses to β-AR stimulation in cardiac myocytes. This may have important implications in the physiological and pathological hypertrophic response to β-AR stimulation