PCR amplification of DNA from malaria parasites on fixed and stained thick and thin blood films

Under some circumstances, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Plasmodium may become necessary from infections for which only blood slides are available. Established methods used for DNA preparation do not work in that case. We have developed a reliable and controlled method for DNA preparation from malaria parasites on fixed and stained blood films. 162 slides from 2 different locations, some stored for at least one year, have been analysed by PCR amplification of the polymorphic loci for MSA1 and MSA2. In 92% of microscopically positive slides, a PCR product could be detected using material derived from thick blood films. When thin blood films with scanty parasitaemia were used, a PCR product could be obtained with only 71% of samples. In all unsuccessful cases, DNA preparation was the limiting factor, which was controlled for by amplification of a control human templat

Filamentary Dust Polarization and the Morphology of Neutral Hydrogen Structures

Filamentary structures in neutral hydrogen (H I) emission are well-aligned with the interstellar magnetic field, so H I emission morphology can be used to construct templates that strongly correlate with measurements of polarized thermal dust emission. We explore how the quantification of filament morphology affects this correlation. We introduce a new implementation of the Rolling Hough Transform (RHT) using spherical harmonic convolutions, which enables efficient quantification of filamentary structure on the sphere. We use this spherical RHT algorithm along with a Hessian-based method to construct H I-based polarization templates. We discuss improvements to each algorithm relative to similar implementations in the literature and compare their outputs. By exploring the parameter space of filament morphologies with the spherical RHT, we find that the most informative H I structures for modeling the magnetic field structure are the thinnest resolved filaments. For this reason, we find a $\sim10\%$ enhancement in the $B$-mode correlation with dust polarization with higher-resolution H I observations. We demonstrate that certain interstellar morphologies can produce parity-violating signatures, i.e., nonzero $TB$ and $EB$, even under the assumption that filaments are locally aligned with the magnetic field. Finally, we demonstrate that $B$ modes from interstellar dust filaments are mostly affected by the topology of the filaments with respect to one another and their relative polarized intensities, whereas $E$ modes are mostly sensitive to the shapes of individual filaments.Comment: 22 pages, 17 figure

An In-Depth Investigation of Faraday Depth Spectrum Using Synthetic Observations of Turbulent MHD Simulations

Basu A, Fletcher A, Mao SA, Burkhart B, Beck R, Schnitzeler D. An In-Depth Investigation of Faraday Depth Spectrum Using Synthetic Observations of Turbulent MHD Simulations. GALAXIES. 2019;7(4): 89.In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the Faraday depth (FD) spectrum and its clean components obtained through the application of the commonly used technique of Faraday rotation measure synthesis to analyze spectro-polarimetric data. To directly compare the Faraday depth spectrum with physical properties of a magneto-ionic medium, we generated synthetic broad-bandwidth spectro-polarimetric observations from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of a transonic, isothermal, compressible turbulent medium. We find that correlated magnetic field structures give rise to a combination of spiky, localized peaks at certain FD values, and broad structures in the FD spectrum. Although most of these spiky FD structures appear narrow, giving an impression of a Faraday thin medium, we show that they arise from strong synchrotron emissivity at that FD. Strong emissivity at a FD can arise because of both strong spatially local polarized synchrotron emissivity at a FD or accumulation of weaker emissions along the distance through a medium that have Faraday depths within half the width of the rotation measure spread function. Such a complex Faraday depth spectrum is a natural consequence of MHD turbulence when the lines of sight pass through a few turbulent cells. This therefore complicates the convention of attributing narrow FD peaks to the presence of a Faraday-rotating medium along the line of sight. Our work shows that it is difficult to extract the FD along a line of sight from the Faraday depth spectrum using standard methods for a turbulent medium in which synchrotron emission and Faraday rotation occur simultaneously

Visions and Violence of Policy: An ethnography of Indigenous Affairs bureaucratic reform in the Northern Territory of Australia

How does a public policy reform become seemingly inevitable? How and why does bureaucratic “common sense” override empirical evidence? What are the overlaps between accountability and corruption? These open-ended questions drive my study of a neglected object of analysis: the well-intentioned people and institutions working within Australia’s Indigenous affairs local government policy arena. In July 2008 the Northern Territory’s local government sector underwent the most sweeping reform of its history, when 53 councils (governing predominantly rural and majority-Indigenous communities) were forcibly amalgamated into eight regional shires. According to the official narrative, the sector had reached a point of crisis: many councils were administratively too small to manage their growing responsibilities. Despite trenchant popular opposition, amalgamations were justified as technically effective, financially efficient -- even morally imperative. Based on a decade of ethnographic research in the Northern Territory including extensive interviews and professional involvement over many years, my thesis moves beyond an empirical evaluation of these events to explore how government actors establish, maintain and self-assess a policy reform. Despite bureaucracy’s claims on rationality and evidence, I argue that factors such morality, routines and aesthetics play more important roles in policy formation than acknowledged. Influenced by the Deleuzian concepts of assemblage and the minor event, I analyse this reform through mundane bureaucratic habits, obscured settler colonial social relations, and near-forgotten events: the rendering of Indigenous totemic art into a corporate logo; a sport and recreation funding agreement as a site of bureaucratic violence; the mobilisation of a created statistic. This perspective invites an alternative to orthodox policy evaluation, whereby the policy cycle is understood ecologically, as a complex assemblage of force, violence and effect. In July 2008 the Northern Territory’s local government sector underwent the most sweeping reform of its history, when 53 councils (governing predominantly rural and majority-Indigenous communities) were forcibly amalgamated into eight regional shires. According to the official narrative, the sector had reached a point of crisis: many councils were administratively too small to manage their growing responsibilities. Despite trenchant popular opposition, amalgamations were justified as technically effective, financially efficient -- even morally imperative. Based on a decade of ethnographic research in the Northern Territory including extensive interviews and professional involvement over many years, my thesis moves beyond an empirical evaluation of these events to explore how government actors establish, maintain and self-assess a policy reform. Despite bureaucracy’s claims on rationality and evidence, I argue that factors such morality, routines and aesthetics play more important roles in policy formation than acknowledged. Influenced by the Deleuzian concepts of assemblage and the minor event, I analyse this reform through mundane bureaucratic habits, obscured settler colonial social relations, and near-forgotten events: the rendering of Indigenous totemic art into a corporate logo; a sport and recreation funding agreement as a site of bureaucratic violence; the mobilisation of a created statistic. This perspective invites an alternative to orthodox policy evaluation, whereby the policy cycle is understood ecologically, as a complex assemblage of force, violence and effect

Are Non-Pharmacological Interventions Effective in Reducing Drug Use and Criminality? : A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review with an Economic Appraisal of These Interventions

Background: The numbers of incarcerated people suffering from drug dependence has steadily risen since the 1980s and only a small proportion of these receive appropriate treatment. A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness and economic evidence of non-pharmacological interventions for drug using offenders was conducted. Methods: Cochrane Collaboration criteria were used to identify trials across 14 databases between 2004 and 2014. A series of meta-analyses and an economic appraisal were conducted. Results: 43 trials were identified showing to have limited effect in reducing re-arrests RR 0.97 (95% CI 0.89-1.07) and drug use RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.80-1.00) but were found to significantly reduce re-incarceration RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.57-0.85). Therapeutic community programs were found to significantly reduce the number of re-arrests RR 0.70 (95% CI 0.56-0.87). 10 papers contained economic information. One paper presented a cost-benefit analysis and two reported on the cost and cost effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusions: We suggest that therapeutic community interventions have some benefit in reducing subsequent re-arrest. We recommend that economic evaluations should form part of standard trial protocols

Orbitofrontal cortex, emotional decision-making and response to cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis

Grey matter volume (GMV) in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) may relate to better response to cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp) because of the region's role in emotional decision-making and cognitive flexibility. This study aimed to determine the relation between pre-therapy OFC GMV or asymmetry and CBTp responsiveness and emotional decision-making as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Thirty patients received CBTp + standard care (CBTp+SC; 25 completers) for 6-8 months. All patients (before receiving CBTp) and 25 healthy participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and performed the IGT. Patients' symptoms were assessed before and after therapy. Pre-therapy OFC GMV, measured using a region-of-interest approach, and IGT performance, measured as overall learning, attention to reward, memory for past outcomes and choice consistency, were comparable between patient and healthy groups. In the CBTp+SC group, greater OFC GMV was correlated with positive symptom improvement, specifically hallucinations and persecution. Greater rightward OFC asymmetry correlated with improvement in several negative and general psychopathology symptoms. Greater left OFC GMV was associated with lower IGT attention to reward. The findings suggest that greater OFC volume and rightward asymmetry, which maintain the OFC's function in emotional decision-making and cognitive flexibility, are beneficial for CBTp responsiveness

A generation apart? Youth and political participation in Britain

Conventional wisdom holds that young people in Britain are alienated from politics, with some claiming that this reflects a wider crisis of legitimacy that should be met by initiatives to increase citizenship. This article addresses these areas, presenting both panel survey and focus group data from first-time voters. It concludes that, contrary to the findings from many predominantly quantitative studies of political participation, young people are interested in political matters, and do support the democratic process. However they feel a sense of anti-climax having voted for the first time, and are critical of those who have been elected to positions of political power. If they are a generation apart, this is less to do with apathy, and more to do with their engaged scepticism about ‘formal’ politics in Britain

Integrative Genomics Identifies the Molecular Basis of Resistance to Azacitidine Therapy in Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia are blood disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and progressive marrow failure that can transform into acute leukemia. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (AZA) is the most effective pharmacological option, but only ∼50% of patients respond. A response only manifests after many months of treatment and is transient. The reasons underlying AZA resistance are unknown, and few alternatives exist for non-responders. Here, we show that AZA responders have more hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in the cell cycle. Non-responder HPC quiescence is mediated by integrin α5 (ITGA5) signaling and their hematopoietic potential improved by combining AZA with an ITGA5 inhibitor. AZA response is associated with the induction of an inflammatory response in HPCs in vivo. By molecular bar coding and tracking individual clones, we found that, although AZA alters the sub-clonal contribution to different lineages, founder clones are not eliminated and continue to drive hematopoiesis even in complete responders.The authors acknowledge funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Leukaemia Foundation, Anthony Rothe Foundation, Cancer Institute for New South Wales, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services (SEALS), Wellcome Trust, Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, Medical Research Council (UK), Swedish Cancer Society, Cancer Society in Stockholm, Swedish Research Council, Bloodwise UK, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford