50 research outputs found

    La génomique évolutive mitochondriale révÚle des échanges génétiques et la ségrégation chez les GloméromycÚtes

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    Les champignons mycorhiziens Ă  arbuscules (CMA) sont des organismes microscopiques du sol qui jouent un rĂŽle crucial dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes naturels et que l’on retrouve dans tous les habitats de la planĂšte. Ils vivent en relation symbiotique avec la vaste majoritĂ© des plantes terrestres. Ils sont des biotrophes obligatoires, c'est-Ă -dire qu'ils ne peuvent croĂźtre qu'en prĂ©sence d'une plante hĂŽte. Cette symbiose permet entre autres Ă  la plante d'acquĂ©rir des nutriments supplĂ©mentaires, en particulier du phosphore et du nitrate. MalgrĂ© le fait que cette symbiose apporte des services importants aux Ă©cosystĂšmes, la richesse des espĂšces, la structure des communautĂ©s, ainsi que la diversitĂ© fonctionnelle des CMA sont mal connues et l'approfondissement des connaissances dans ces domaines dĂ©pend d’outils de diagnostic molĂ©culaire. Cependant, la prĂ©sence de polymorphisme nuclĂ©aire intra-isolat combinĂ© Ă  un manque de donnĂ©es gĂ©nomiques dans diffĂ©rents groupes phylogĂ©nĂ©tique de ces champignons complique le dĂ©veloppement de marqueurs molĂ©culaires et la dĂ©termination de l'affiliation Ă©volutive Ă  hauts niveaux de rĂ©solution (c.a.d. entre espĂšces gĂ©nĂ©tiquement similaires et/ou isolats de la mĂȘme espĂšce). . Pour ces raisons, il semble une bonne alternative d’utiliser un systĂšme gĂ©nĂ©tique diffĂ©rent en ciblant le gĂ©nome mitochondrial, qui a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© homogĂšne au sein d'un mĂȘme isolat de CMA. Cependant, Ă©tant donnĂ© le mode de vie particulier de ces organismes, une meilleure comprĂ©hension des processus Ă©volutifs mitochondriaux est nĂ©cessaire afin de valoriser l'utilisation de tels marqueurs dans des Ă©tudes de diversitĂ© et en gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations. En ce sens, mon projet de doctorat consistait Ă  investiguerĂ©tudier: i) les vecteurs de divergences inter-isolats et -espĂšces gĂ©nĂ©tiquement rapprochĂ©esphylogĂ©nĂ©tiquement apparentĂ©es, ii) la plasticitĂ© des gĂ©nomes mitochondriaux, iii) l'hĂ©ritabilitĂ© mitochondriale et les mĂ©canismes potentiels de sĂ©grĂ©gation, ainsi que iv) la diversitĂ© mitochondriale intra-isolat in situ. À l'aide de la gĂ©nomique mitochondriale comparative, en utilisant le sĂ©quençage nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration, on a dĂ©montrĂ© la prĂ©sence de variation gĂ©nĂ©tique substantielle inter-isolats et -espĂšces, engendrĂ©es par l'invasion d'Ă©lĂ©ments mobiles dans les gĂ©nomes mitochondriaux des CMA, donnant lieu Ă  une Ă©volution molĂ©culaire rapide des rĂ©gions intergĂ©niques. Cette variation permettait de dĂ©velopper des marqueurs spĂ©cifiques Ă  des isolats de la mĂȘme espĂšce. Ensuite, Ă  l'aide d'une approche analytique par rĂ©seaux de gĂšnes sur des Ă©lĂ©ments mobiles, on a Ă©tĂ© en mesure de dĂ©montrer des Ă©vĂšnements de recombinaisons homologues entre des haplotypes mitochondriaux distincts, menant Ă  des rĂ©arrangements gĂ©nomiques. Cela a permis d'ouvrir les perspectives sur la dynamique mitochondriale et l'hĂ©tĂ©roplasmie dans un mĂȘme isolatsuggĂšre une coexistence de diffĂ©rents haplotypes mitochondriaux dans les populations naturelles et que les cultures monosporales pourraient induirent une sous-estimation de la diversitĂ© allĂ©lique mitochondriale. Cette apparente contradiction avec l'homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© mitochondriale intra-isolat gĂ©nĂ©ralement observĂ©e, a amenĂ© Ă  investiguer Ă©tudier les Ă©changes gĂ©nĂ©tiques Ă  l'aide de croisements d'isolats gĂ©nĂ©tiquement distincts. MalgrĂ© l'observation de quelques spores filles hĂ©tĂ©roplasmiques, l'homoplasmie Ă©tait le statut par dĂ©faut dans toutes les cultures monosporales, avec un biais en faveur de l'un des haplotypes parentaux. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que la sĂ©grĂ©gation opĂšre durant la formation de la spore et/ou le dĂ©veloppement de la coloniedu mycĂ©lium. De plus, ils supportent la prĂ©sence d'une machinerie protĂ©ique de sĂ©grĂ©gation mitochondriale chez les CMAAMF, oĂč l'ensemble des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans ce mĂ©canisme ont Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ© et sont orthologues aux autres champignons. Finalement, on est revenue aux sources avecon a Ă©tudiĂ© le polymorphisme mitochondrial intra-isolat Ă  l'aide d'une approche conventionnelle de PCR en utilisant une Taq polymĂ©rase de haute fidĂ©litĂ©, suivie de clonage et de sĂ©quençage Sanger, sur deux isolats de R. irregularis. Cela a permis l'observation d'hĂ©tĂ©roplasmie in situ, ainsi que la co-expression de variantes de variantes de protĂ©ines'ARNm dans une souche in vitro. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que d'autres Ă©tudes basĂ©es sur le sĂ©quençage nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration aurait potentiellement ignorĂ©e cette variation, offrant ainsi plusieurs nouveaux arguments permettant de considĂ©rer les CMA comme des organismes possĂ©dant une population de gĂ©nomes mitochondriaux et nuclĂ©aires distincts.The association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots is one of the most widespread symbioses involving plants, and thus has an important role in terrestrial ecosystems. In exchange for carbohydrates, AMF improve plant fitness by enhancing mineral nutrient uptake, especially in particular phosphate and nitrate. Although this symbiosisDespite the fact that these symbioses contribute provides to important services toin ecosystems, the species richness, community structure and functional diversity of AMF is not well understood due to a lack of reliable molecular tools. The intra-isolate genetic polymorphism of nuclear DNA observed in AMF, combined with a lack of genomic data in a broad range of phylogenetic groups, has made it difficult to develop molecular markers and to determine evolutionary relatedness at high levels of resolution (i.e. between genetically-similar species and/or isolates). For these reasons, it seems a good alternative to use a different genetic system by targeting the mitochondrial genome, which have been shown to be homogeneous within AMF isolates. However, given the peculiar lifestyle of these organisms, a better understanding of the mitochondrial evolutionary processes and dynamics were is necessary in order to validate the usefulness of such markers in diversity and population genetics studies. In that regard, the objectives of my PhD project were to investigate: i) the divergence between closely related species and isolates, ii) mitochondrial genomes plasticity, iii) mitochondrial heritability and potential segregation mechanisms and iv) in situ mitochondrial intra-isolate allelic diversity. With Using comparative mitochondrial genomics using and next generation sequencing (NGS) sequencing, we found substantial sequence variation in intergenic regions caused by the invasion of mobile genetic elements. This variation gives risecontributes to rapid mitochondrial genome evolution among closely related isolates and species, which makes it possible to design reliable intra- and inter-specific markers. Also, an extensive gene similarity network-based approach allowed us to provide strong evidence of inter-haplotype recombination in AMF, leading to a reshuffled mitochondrial genome. These findings suggest the coexistence of distinct mtDNA haplotypes in natural populations and raise questions as to whether AMF single spore cultivations artificially underestimates mitochondrial genetic diversity in natural population.. This apparent contradiction with the intra-isolate mtDNA homogeneity usually observed in these fungi, led to the investigation of mitochondrial heritability in the spore progeny resulting from crossed-cultures. Although an heteroplasmic state was observed in some daughter spores, we found that homoplasmy was the dominant state in all monosporal cultures, with an apparent bias towards one of the parental haplotypes. These results strongly support the presence of a putative mitochondrial segregation proteic machinery in AMF, whose complete set of genes were orthologous with those found in other fungi. Our findings suggest that segregation takes place either during spore formation or colony mycelium development. Finally, we performed a conventional PCR based approach with a high fidelity Taq polymerase, followed by downstream cloning and Sanger sequencing using the model organism Rhizophagus irregularis. We found in situ heteroplasmy along with substantial intra-isolate allelic variation within the mtDNA that persists in the transcriptome. Our study also suggest that genetic variation in Glomeromycota is higher than meets the eye and might be critically underestimated in most NGS based-AMF studies both in nuclei and mitochondria

    Lectures et critiques de la littérature française contemporaine au Québec à la fin du XIX e siÚcle

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    Cherchant Ă  retracer dans le discours tenu par les critiques et par les Ă©crivains quĂ©bĂ©cois les marques de prĂ©sence des thĂ©ories « modernistes » qui apparaissent en France Ă  la fin du siĂšcle, notamment celles du dĂ©cadisme et du symbolisme, le prĂ©sent article montre d'une part que la critique canadienne, entre 1871 et 1900, tout en demeurant majoritairement et fortement rĂ©fractaire aux nouvelles esthĂ©tiques françaises, contribue malgrĂ© elle Ă  faire circuler ces oeuvres, grĂące notamment au procĂ©dĂ© de la citation; et que, d'autre part, plusieurs Ă©crivains, dont É.-Z. Massicotte, E. de Nevers et Nelligan, frĂ©quentent et discutent la production des avant-gardes parisiennes dans les annĂ©es mĂȘmes oĂč celle-ci est diffusĂ©e en France

    Rédiger contre son opinion : des étudiants avancés en communication peuvent-il faire abstraction de leurs connaissances du domaine ?

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    Dix-sept Ă©tudiants quĂ©bĂ©cois en communication, des premier et deuxiĂšme cycles universitaires Ă  l’UniversitĂ© de Sherbrooke, se sont prĂȘtĂ©s Ă  l’exercice d’écrire deux rĂ©dactions sur un mĂȘme sujet, la menace pesant sur l’environnement, aprĂšs avoir lu deux sources documentaires contradictoires traitant de l’économie et l’environnement : « Gaz Ă  effet de serre : le grand responsable, c'est l'homme » (528 mots) ; « Changements climatiques : la mise au point de nouvelles technologies » (551 mots). Les participants, dont la formation comprend une composante sur l’apprentissage de l’écriture en situation professionnelle, Ă©taient invitĂ©s Ă  rĂ©diger successivement deux textes en adoptant le rĂŽle d’un rĂ©dacteur professionnel travaillant soit pour l’association Amis de la Terre (dĂ©fense du point de vue Ă©cologique), soit pour la sociĂ©tĂ© BioPĂ©trole (dĂ©fense du point de vue industriel). Le temps de rĂ©daction Ă©tait libre mais la longueur de la rĂ©daction imposĂ©e (2 pages manuscrites). La consultation des sources documentaires n’était pas autorisĂ©e pendant la rĂ©daction (mais la consultation des notes de lecture l’était) et l’intĂ©gration d’idĂ©es personnelles encouragĂ©e. Cet article s'intĂ©resse Ă  la temporalitĂ© de l’écriture et Ă  l’existence de certaines traces textuelles lorsqu’un rĂ©dacteur est amenĂ© Ă  soutenir deux points de vue contraires sur une mĂȘme rĂ©alitĂ© qu’il connai

    What do brain endocasts tell us? A comparative analysis of the accuracy of sulcal identification by experts and perspectives in palaeoanthropology

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    Palaeoneurology is a complex field as the object of study, the brain, does not fossilize. Studies rely therefore on the (brain) endocranial cast (often named endocast), the only available and reliable proxy for brain shape, size and details of surface. However, researchers debate whether or not specific marks found on endocasts correspond reliably to particular sulci and/or gyri of the brain that were imprinted in the braincase. The aim of this study is to measure the accuracy of sulcal identification through an experiment that reproduces the conditions that palaeoneurologists face when working with hominin endocasts. We asked 14 experts to manually identify well-known foldings in a proxy endocast that was obtained from an MRI of an actual in vivo Homo sapiens head. We observe clear differences in the results when comparing the non-corrected labels (the original labels proposed by each expert) with the corrected labels. This result illustrates that trying to reconstruct a sulcus following the very general known shape/position in the literature or from a mean specimen may induce a bias when looking at an endocast and trying to follow the marks observed there. We also observe that the identification of sulci appears to be better in the lower part of the endocast compared to the upper part. The results concerning specific anatomical traits have implications for highly debated topics in palaeoanthropology. Endocranial description of fossil specimens should in the future consider the variation in position and shape of sulci in addition to using models of mean brain shape. Moreover, it is clear from this study that researchers can perceive sulcal imprints with reasonably high accuracy, but their correct identification and labelling remains a challenge, particularly when dealing with extinct species for which we lack direct knowledge of the brain

    Cerebral small vessel disease genomics and its implications across the lifespan

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    White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are the most common brain-imaging feature of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), hypertension being the main known risk factor. Here, we identify 27 genome-wide loci for WMH-volume in a cohort of 50,970 older individuals, accounting for modification/confounding by hypertension. Aggregated WMH risk variants were associated with altered white matter integrity (p = 2.5×10-7) in brain images from 1,738 young healthy adults, providing insight into the lifetime impact of SVD genetic risk. Mendelian randomization suggested causal association of increasing WMH-volume with stroke, Alzheimer-type dementia, and of increasing blood pressure (BP) with larger WMH-volume, notably also in persons without clinical hypertension. Transcriptome-wide colocalization analyses showed association of WMH-volume with expression of 39 genes, of which four encode known drug targets. Finally, we provide insight into BP-independent biological pathways underlying SVD and suggest potential for genetic stratification of high-risk individuals and for genetically-informed prioritization of drug targets for prevention trials.Peer reviewe

    Cerebral small vessel disease genomics and its implications across the lifespan

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    White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are the most common brain-imaging feature of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), hypertension being the main known risk factor. Here, we identify 27 genome-wide loci for WMH-volume in a cohort of 50,970 older individuals, accounting for modification/confounding by hypertension. Aggregated WMH risk variants were associated with altered white matter integrity (p = 2.5×10-7) in brain images from 1,738 young healthy adults, providing insight into the lifetime impact of SVD genetic risk. Mendelian randomization suggested causal association of increasing WMH-volume with stroke, Alzheimer-type dementia, and of increasing blood pressure (BP) with larger WMH-volume, notably also in persons without clinical hypertension. Transcriptome-wide colocalization analyses showed association of WMH-volume with expression of 39 genes, of which four encode known drug targets. Finally, we provide insight into BP-independent biological pathways underlying SVD and suggest potential for genetic stratification of high-risk individuals and for genetically-informed prioritization of drug targets for prevention trials.</p

    Argumenter pour ou contre son opinion

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    Cette recherche Ă©value comment des Ă©tudiants en communication professionnelle peuvent composer un texte argumentatif en faisant abstraction de leurs convictions personnelles. L’analyse des arguments produits montre que l’accent est mis sur l’ethos et le pathos plutĂŽt que sur le logos, pour influencer le lecteur par l’identification et les Ă©motions. Des pistes didactiques pour amener les Ă©tudiants Ă  se dĂ©tacher de leurs propres opinions sont proposĂ©es en conclusion.This research assesses how well students in professional communication succeed in writing an argumentative essay without introducing their personal beliefs. Content analysis shows that the emphasis is put on ethos and pathos rather than on logos, so as to influence the reader by appealing to his/her identification and emotions. Educational guidelines, designed to help students temper their own opinions, are proposed in conclusion.Este artĂ­culo se refiere a la investigaciĂłn que evalĂșa de quĂ© manera los estudiantes en redacciĂłn profesional pueden escribir un texto argumentativo, haciendo abstracciĂłn de sus propias convicciones. El anĂĄlisis de los argumentos expresados evidencia que el Ă©nfasis estĂĄ puesto mĂĄs bien en los ethos y pathos que en los logos, para influenciar al lector a travĂ©s de la identificaciĂłn y las emociones. En la conclusiĂłn del artĂ­culo, se proponen enfoques didĂĄcticos a fin de encaminar a los estudiantes a que tomen distancia de sus propias opiniones
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