10 research outputs found
SHORT COMMUNICATION - Sexing Sand Fly Pupae (Diptera: Psychodidade: Phlebotominae)
We describe a technique to separate male and female pupae of sand
flies. This has reduced the labour to separate flies after emergence
and also allows the isolation of unmated adults for behavioural and
physiological studies
Preparation of sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) specimens for histological studies
Phlebotominae sand fly specimens were prepared for histological and
physiological studies. Different fixatives were tested on sectioned and
whole bodied adult females in order to obtain good fixation and provide
satisfactory penetration of the embedding media. All fixed specimens
were infiltrated (up to seven days under 5ºC) and embedded in
hydroxyethyl metacrylate. Two-three µm sections were stained,
mounted in Canada balsam and observed by light microscopy. Best results
were achieved when whole bodied insects were double fixed in Bouin's
and Carnoy's fluids (4 h/2 h) and stained in Hematoxilin/Eosin or fixed
in calcium formaldehyde and stained in mercury bromophenol blue
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in the region of Saquarema: potential area of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
INTRODUCTION: Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi in the Americas. METHODS: Phlebotomine captures were conducted during 2008 and 2009 in a rural area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis located in the municipality of Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: Among other species captured, we observed the presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in this region, demonstrating the potential risk of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the coastal area of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Therefore, active vigilance by all municipalities in the area is necessary
Profilaxia ecológica fitoquímica da Ancilostomose e Estrongiloidose
Os Autores, após terem demonstrado no laboratório a atividade "in vitro" de 119 produtos naturais de origem vegetal no bloqueio da evolução externa de Ancilostomídeos e S. stercoralis, pesquisaram a aplicação prática da Profilaxia ecológica fitoquímica das respectivas endemias parasitárias. A investigação foi realizada em dois grupos populacionais de favelados da Ilha do Governador (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), ao longo de 26 meses de intenso trabalho que compreendeu: 1) seleção e levantamento demográfico das áreas; 2) inquérito geral para determinação da incidência parasitária; 3) introdução dos vegetais ativos em uma das áreas, ficando a outra como controle; 4) tratamento em massa de ambas as populações, repetido 10 meses depois; 5) três controles epidemiológicos, após cada tratamento e a intervalos constantes de 60 a 70 dias, para verificação das reinfestações e do confronto final da prevalência das helmintoses nas duas áreas. Das plantas introduzidas somente se adaptou o C. citratus que atingiu uma concentração média de uma touceira por 10 m². Os níveis de ancilostomose cairam na área plantada de 23,2% para 2,2% e na área controle de 14,5% para 5,8%, durante o período de 21 meses da investigação. A estrongiloidose desceu de 17,1% para 0,6% na área tratada fitoecologicamente e de 13,0% para 2,9% na área controle. Da população inicialmente examinada, 46% foram acompanhados até o término da experiência. A redução da prevalência de ancilostomídeos, 30,5% superior na área plantada, é considerada estatisticamente significativa e, portanto, o novo método profilático válido e viável. Para conclusão definitiva, já teve início uma pesquisa comparada, sob rigorosas condições de controle. Tudo indica que o método ora instituído, pioneiro na literatura mundial, seja de grande valor profilático reduzindo sensivelmente a prevalência, após tratamento em massa das populações, nas áreas endêmicas. Pelas suas características, tais como aceitação popular, pequeno custo operacional e, sobretudo, obtenção de resultados a curto prazo, será altamente oportuno, considerando-se que os recursos convencionais são baseados na educação e engenharia sanitárias, cujos resultados são obtidos a médio e longo prazos e sempre dependentes de cada indivíduo. Além da aplicação médico-sanitária, a presente pesquisa poderá estabelecer possibilidades na profilaxia de certas fitonoses e zoonoses de grande importância econômica na agropecuária
Effects of added Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis probiotics on the quality characteristics of goat ricotta and their survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions
The Emergence of New and Successful Export Activities in Brazil: Four Case Studies from the Manufacturing and the Agricultural Sector
Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791