60 research outputs found
pH, Total Bacteria and Total Fungi Litter Fermentation at Different Ripening Durations
This study aims to examine the effect of fermentation time on pH levels, total bacteria and total fungi litter chicken fermented. The research method was carried out by collecting various chicken litters from 16 closed house cages in Semarang City, Demak Regency and Kendal Regency, then combined and fermented. The study used a completely randomized design in the direction of 4 treatments and 4 replications, the treatments were T0 = 0 week litter curing; T1 = 3 weeks litter curing; T2 = 6 weeks of litter curing; T3 = 9 weeks litter curing. The parameters observed were pH value, total bacteria and total litter fungi in broiler chickens. The results showed that there was a significant effect (P 0.05) on all treatments. The conclusion of this research is the best chicken litter fermentation at 6 weeks duration of ripening. Produce a total of bacteria and fungi as much as 0.25 x 103 CFU/g and indicated that they were not pathogenic bacteria and fungi
Respon Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Semangka (Citrullus Vulgaris Schard.) Terhadap Pemberian Pupuk NPK(15:15:15) Dan Pemangkasan Buah
Pemberian pupuk NPK dan pemangkasan buah berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksisemangka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis pupuk NPK yang tepat danpemangkasan buah yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi semangka. Penelitian dilakukan dilahan masyarakat, Dusun Sei Mencirim Kecamatan Sunggal Kabupaten Deli Serdang, mulai bulanApril sampai Juli 2013, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok faktorial dengan 2 faktor. Faktorpertama adalah Dosis pupuk NPK (0, 40, 80, 120 gram) sedangkan faktor kedua adalah jumlah buahper tanaman (1, 2, 3 buah per tanaman). Parameter yang diamati adalah panjang tanaman, jumlahcabang primer dan sekunder, berat buah, panjang buah, diameter buah, produksi per tanaman,produksi per plot, produksi per hektar, dan mutu buah.Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa perlakuandosis pupuk NPK berpengaruh nyata terhadap parameter panjang sulur umur 6 β 8 MST, jumlahcabang primer dan sekunder umur 5 MST, panjang buah, diameter buah, berat buah, produksipertanaman, produksi per plot, produksi per hektar dan mutu buah kelas A, B dan C. Jumlah buahper tanaman berpengaruh nyata panjang buah, diameter buah, berat buah, produksi pertanaman,produksi per plot, produksi per hektar dan mutu buah kelas A, B dan C. Sedangkan interaksi antaradosis pupuk NPK dan jumlah buah per tanaman berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi per tanaman,produksi per plot dan per hektar
Boundary friction characterisation of a used cylinder liner subject to fired engine conditions and surface deposition
In cylinder friction contributes as a primary source of parasitic dissipations in IC engines. For future engines to become more efficient, with enhanced fuel economy and increased power output, accurate prediction of new designs is required over the full lifetime of an engine. The work carried out presents use of a local pressure coefficient of boundary shear strength of asperities value, taking into account the localised effects of surface texture, coating and surface deposition. XPS spectra analysis was also carried out to identify the surface depositions as a result of combustion, not previously taken into account during piston ring pack simulation. Friction was shown by simulation to drop by up to 30% between the compression and combustion stroke as a result of using a carriable coefficient of boundary shear strength of asperities. It was found that piston varnish on the liner corresponded to higher values of the pressure coefficient of boundary shear strength of asperities, therefore showing the importance of using real system components run under representative operating conditions or numerical analyses
THE DIFFERENCES OF ANTITHROMBIN III, FIBRINOGEN, AND TROPONIN I LEVELS BETWEEN ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE AND ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
Introduction: Plasma antithrombin III associated with fibrinogen might help the risk assessment of acute ischemic stroke, but studies that discuss those levels in hemorrhagic stroke are still limited. Troponin I is a cardiac enzyme that has high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of heart injury after stroke. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences of antithrombin III, fibrinogen, and troponin I levels between acute ischemic stroke and acute hemorrhagic stroke.
Method: This study used a descriptive analytic study with a cross sectional design. A total of 52 research subjects, consisting of 26 acute ischemic stroke patients and 26 acute hemorrhagic stroke patients were taken by consecutive non-random sampling method. The blood samples from the subjects that have been diagnosed by history taking, physical examination and head CT scan, were taken for examination of antithrombin III, fibrinogen, and troponin I levels. Data analysis was performed by unpaired T test and Mann-Whitney test.
Results: The median antithrombin III level in the acute ischemic stroke group was 93.00%, while in the acute hemorrhagic stroke group was 101.85% (p=0.341). The mean fibrinogen level in the acute ischemic stroke group was 453.46 Β± 171.16 mg/dL, while in the acute hemorrhagic stroke group was 399.15 Β± 203.02 mg/dL (p=0.302). The median troponin I level in the acute ischemic stroke group was 0.00 ng/mL, while in the acute hemorrhagic stroke group was 0.00 ng/mL (p=0.698).
Conclusion: There were no significant differences of antithrombin III, fibrinogen, and troponin I levels between acute ischemic stroke and acute hemorrhagic stroke
CΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ° Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ 4-ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½-3-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½-1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ
It has been shown that 4- formylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acids and their ethyl esters interact selectively with thiosemicarbazide and its N4-aryl-derivatives in boiling acetic acid with formation of the corresponding 4-pyrazolylthiosemicarbazones with the yields of 76-91%. It has been found that heating of 4-pyrazolylthiosemicarbazones with diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in boiling ethanol for 3 hours leads to formation of 1,3-thiazolidine-containing polyfunctional pyrazole derivatives with yields of 73-95%. Formation of compounds of this type indicates that the process occurs according to the scheme of the primary attack of a highly electrophilic triple bond of acetylenedicarboxylate by the nucleophilic atom of sulfur of the thiosemicarbazone fragment with subsequent intramolecular condensation, which leads to formation of the 4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidine-5-ilidene cycle. The structure of the 1,3-thiazolidinilidenehydrazonepyrazoles synthesized has been proven by a complex of spectral methods; the most informative of them are 13CΒ NMR spectra with signals of carbon atoms of the thiazolidine cycle: C4 (159-161 ppm), C2 (162-165 ppm), C5 (163-165 ppm), as well as of the exo-cyclic ethoxycarbonylethylidene fragment: HC= (114-118 ppm); and of C(O) O (165 ppm). It has been determined that the compounds synthesized cause the hypoglycemic dose-dependent effect in mice, which is much more potent than the same effect of the reference medicine β pioglitazone.ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ 4-ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-3-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ N4-Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 76-91% ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
4-ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ 3-ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ 1,3-ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° Ρ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 73-95%. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎ-1,3-ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
1,3-ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π―ΠΠ 13Π‘ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°: C4 (159-161 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘2 (162-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘5 (163-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°: ΠΠ‘= (114-118 ΠΌ.Ρ.) ΠΈ Π‘(Π)Π (165 ΠΌ.Ρ.). Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°.ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ 4-ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-3-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ· ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ N4-Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π· ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 76-91% Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
4-ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ»-ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ². ΠΠ½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ 3-Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ· Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π· Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 73-95%. Π£ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ 4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎ-1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ², Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π· ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈ Π―ΠΠ 13Π‘ ΡΠ· ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ: C4 (159-161 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘2 (162-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘5 (163-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°: ΠΠ‘= (114-118 ΠΌ.Ρ.) ΡΠ° Π‘(Π)Π (165 ΠΌ.Ρ.). ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ
CΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ° Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ 4-ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½-3-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½-1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ
It has been shown that 4- formylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acids and their ethyl esters interact selectively with thiosemicarbazide and its N4-aryl-derivatives in boiling acetic acid with formation of the corresponding 4-pyrazolylthiosemicarbazones with the yields of 76-91%. It has been found that heating of 4-pyrazolylthiosemicarbazones with diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in boiling ethanol for 3 hours leads to formation of 1,3-thiazolidine-containing polyfunctional pyrazole derivatives with yields of 73-95%. Formation of compounds of this type indicates that the process occurs according to the scheme of the primary attack of a highly electrophilic triple bond of acetylenedicarboxylate by the nucleophilic atom of sulfur of the thiosemicarbazone fragment with subsequent intramolecular condensation, which leads to formation of the 4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidine-5-ilidene cycle. The structure of the 1,3-thiazolidinilidenehydrazonepyrazoles synthesized has been proven by a complex of spectral methods; the most informative of them are 13CΒ NMR spectra with signals of carbon atoms of the thiazolidine cycle: C4 (159-161 ppm), C2 (162-165 ppm), C5 (163-165 ppm), as well as of the exo-cyclic ethoxycarbonylethylidene fragment: HC= (114-118 ppm); and of C(O) O (165 ppm). It has been determined that the compounds synthesized cause the hypoglycemic dose-dependent effect in mice, which is much more potent than the same effect of the reference medicine β pioglitazone.ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ 4-ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-3-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ N4-Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 76-91% ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
4-ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ 3-ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ 1,3-ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° Ρ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 73-95%. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎ-1,3-ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
1,3-ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π―ΠΠ 13Π‘ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°: C4 (159-161 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘2 (162-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘5 (163-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°: ΠΠ‘= (114-118 ΠΌ.Ρ.) ΠΈ Π‘(Π)Π (165 ΠΌ.Ρ.). Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°.ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ 4-ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»-3-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ· ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ N4-Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π· ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 76-91% Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
4-ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ»-ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ². ΠΠ½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ 3-Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ· Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π· Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ 73-95%. Π£ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ 4-ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎ-1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-5-ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
1,3-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ², Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π· ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈ Π―ΠΠ 13Π‘ ΡΠ· ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ: C4 (159-161 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘2 (162-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π‘5 (163-165 ΠΌ.Ρ.), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°: ΠΠ‘= (114-118 ΠΌ.Ρ.) ΡΠ° Π‘(Π)Π (165 ΠΌ.Ρ.). ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ
Potential risks and pharmacological safety features of hypoglycemic drugs
For the treatment of diabetes, insulin preparations, synthetic hypoglycemic agents, herbal medicine
and compulsory adherence to the diet. Oral hypoglycemic agents belong to different chemical classes:
sulfonylurea derivatives, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, etc. They can also be divided into secretogens
(stimulate pancreatic insulin secretion, especially in the presence of glucose) and prandial (food -
related) glycemic regulators (lower glucose in the blood after eating). As for the pharmacological
safety of oral antidiabetic agents, they are incompatible with adrenal cortex hormones,
adrenomimetics, MAO inhibitors, psychostimulants, antiarrhythmic agents. Their hypoglycemic effect is
weakened by estrogens, gestagens, oral contraceptives, chlorpromazine, barbiturates, phenothiazines,
thyroid hormones, glucagon, lithium salts, saluretics, indomethacin, drugs containing nicotinic acid
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