Satellite Snow Surveillance -A Down to Earth Use of Space Technology

In the not-too-distant future, an increasing use will be made of earth-orbiting satellites to survey our natural resources. One resource that has been observed from space since the first meteorological satellite nearly a decade ago, is the earth\u27s snow cover. Continued observation of this resource will be a prime use of satellite systems designed specifically to view the earth1 s surface; in fact, a survey of snow and ice on a world-wide scale, as planned in the International Hydrological Decade, appears economically feasible only through the use of satellite observations. Thus, snow surveillance is a really down-to-earth use of space technology. Recent studies of the use of satellite photography to map snow cover distributions in the Upper Mississippi-Missouri River Basins Region are described in this paper. The techniques presented for identifying and mapping snow distributions, and for estimating snow depths, were developed originally from TIROS photography, * and were tested on a data sample obtained from the ESSA satellites. 2 Additional research is currently in progress to determine whether these techniques developed for the relatively flat terrain of the north-central United States are also applicable to mountainous areas. This research is briefly reviewed, and the outlook for operational snow surveillance from space is discussed

The identification and psychological treatment of panic disorder in adolescents: a survey of CAMHS clinicians

Background Panic disorder is experienced by around 1% of adolescents, and has a significant impact on social and academic functioning. Preliminary evidence supports the effectiveness of panic disorder specific treatment in adolescents with panic disorder, however panic disorder may be overlooked in adolescents due to overlapping symptoms with other anxiety disorders and other difficulties being more noticeable to others. The aim of this study was to establish what training National Health Service (NHS) Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) clinicians have received in psychological therapies and panic disorder and how they identify and treat panic disorder in adolescents. Method CAMHS clinicians from a range of professions (n = 427), who were delivering psychological treatments to children and adolescents with anxiety disorders, participated. They completed a cross-sectional, online survey, including a vignette describing an adolescent with panic disorder, and were asked to identify the main diagnosis or presenting problem. Results Less than half the clinicians (48.6%) identified panic disorder or panic symptoms as the main presenting problem from the vignette. The majority of clinicians suggested CBT would be their treatment approach. However, few identified an evidence-based treatment protocol for working with young people with panic disorder. Almost half the sample had received no training in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and around a fifth had received no training in delivering psychological treatments. Conclusions Only half of CAMHS clinicians identified panic disorder from a vignette and although CBT treatments are widely offered, only a minority of adolescents with panic disorder are receiving treatments developed for, and evaluated with young people with panic disorder. There is a vital need for clinician training, the use of tools that aid identification and the implementation of evidence-based treatments within CAMHS

Thermally Activated Magnetization and Resistance Decay during Near Ambient Temperature Aging of Co Nanoflakes in a Confining Semi-metallic Environment

We report the observation of magnetic and resistive aging in a self assembled nanoparticle system produced in a multilayer Co/Sb sandwich. The aging decays are characterized by an initial slow decay followed by a more rapid decay in both the magnetization and resistance. The decays are large accounting for almost 70% of the magnetization and almost 40% of the resistance for samples deposited at 35 $^oC$. For samples deposited at 50 $^oC$ the magnetization decay accounts for $\sim 50$ of the magnetization and 50% of the resistance. During the more rapid part of the decay, the concavity of the slope of the decay changes sign and this inflection point can be used to provide a characteristic time. The characteristic time is strongly and systematically temperature dependent, ranging from $\sim1$x$10^2 s$ at 400K to $\sim3$x$10^5 s$ at 320K in samples deposited at $35 ^oC$. Samples deposited at 50 $^oC$ displayed a 7-8 fold increase in the characteristic time (compared to the $35 ^oC$ samples) for a given aging temperature, indicating that this timescale may be tunable. Both the temperature scale and time scales are in potentially useful regimes. Pre-Aging, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) reveals that the Co forms in nanoscale flakes. During aging the nanoflakes melt and migrate into each other in an anisotropic fashion forming elongated Co nanowires. This aging behavior occurs within a confined environment of the enveloping Sb layers. The relationship between the characteristic time and aging temperature fits an Arrhenius law indicating activated dynamics

Petrogenesis of Mid-Proterozoic Granitic Magmas: Examples from Central and West Texas

Circa 1.1 Ga granitic magmatism in Texas was manifested as two compositional groups: (1) the 1.12 Ga Red Bluff granitic suite in west Texas; and (2) 1.12-1.07 Ga granites of the Llano uplift of central Texas. Both suites share some characteristics typical of \u27anorogenic\u27 granites (e.g. potassium- and iron-rich bulk compositions, Fe-rich hydrous silicates, emplacement conditions involving low oxygen fugacities and water contents) and exhibit similar isotopic characteristics. However, rock associations, mineral chemistries, and trace element compositions of the two suites are distinct and no single petrogenetic model for the two suites is possible. The Red Bluff granitic suite includes cogenetic syenites, quartz syenites and granites; transitional ferrobasaltic dikes are also present. In contrast, syenitic and mafic rocks are not associated with the Llano granites. The Llano granites contain biotite and calcic amphibole with lower Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios compared to those occurring in the Red Bluff rocks. Alkali amphiboles (e.g. arfvedsonite) occur in the Red Bluff granites but not in the Llano granites. The Red Bluff granitoids are characterized by high FeOT/MgO ratios, high (Na2O+K2O), high concentrations of HFSE and rare earth elements (REE), and other features typical of A-type, \u27within-plate\u27 granites [e.g. the Pikes Peak batholith (PPB)]. The Llano granites are geochemically distinct with generally higher P2O5 and Sr, lower Na2O, FeOT/MgO, Zr, Y and REE, and much lower Ta and Nb. Nd isotopic data overlap between the two granite suites and have \u27juvenile\u27 signatures. However, trace element data suggest different petrogeneses for the two suites. The Red Bluff suite is interpreted as having a direct derivation from mantle sources via extended fractional crystallization of basaltic parental magmas, with minor crustal assimilation. The Llano granites appear to represent anatectic melts derived from slightly older, juvenile crustal sources; some melts underwent fractional crystallization controlled by feldspar and accessory minerals. The petrology and geochemistry of ~1.1 Ga granites in Texas indicate that they should not be considered as part of a single \u27anorogenic\u27 magmatic event. The Red Bluff granitic suite was emplaced into a shelf sequence, north of the Grenville Front, within a broad zone characterized by mild extension. In contrast, Llano granites are late-stage intrusions emplaced into multiply deformed and metamorphosed crust, south of the Grenville Front, during or after waning stages of Grenville orogenesis

Overload Injury of the Knees With Resistance-Exercise Overtraining: A Case Study

This is the publisher's version, also found at http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&sid=cc60431c-6281-4940-bc2d-85f4c9ff2060%40sessionmgr11&hid=17&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=SPHS-67196

Bostonia: The Boston University Alumni Magazine. Volume 32

Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston University's main alumni publication, which covers alumni and student life, as well as university activities, events, and programs

The chromospheric emission of solar-type stars in the young open clusters IC 2391 and IC 2602

In this paper we present chromospheric emission levels of the solar-type stars in the young open clusters IC 2391 and IC 2602. High resolution spectroscopic data were obtained for over 50 F, G, and K stars from these clusters over several observing campaigns using the University College London Echelle Spectrograph on the 3.9-m Anglo-Australian Telescope. Unlike older clusters, the majority (28/52) of the solar-type stars in the two clusters are rapid-rotators (vsini > 20 km/s) with five of the stars being classified as ultra-rapid rotators (vsini > 100 km/s). The emission levels in the Calcium infrared triplet lines were then used as a measure of the chromospheric activity of the stars. When plotted against Rossby number (NR) the star's chromospheric emission levels show a plateau in the emission for Log(NR) < -1.1 indicating chromospheric saturation similar to the coronal saturation seen in previously observed X-ray emission from the same stars. However, unlike the coronal emission, the chromospheric emission of the stars show little evidence of a reduction in emission (i.e. supersaturation) for the ultra-rapid rotators in the clusters. Thus we believe that coronal supersaturation is not the result of an overall decrease in magnetic dynamo efficiency for ultra-rapid rotators.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, Landscape tables in separate tex file, Accepted by MNRA

Two New Pimelic Diphenylamide HDAC Inhibitors Induce Sustained Frataxin Upregulation in Cells from Friedreich's Ataxia Patients and in a Mouse Model

BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), the most common recessive ataxia in Caucasians, is due to severely reduced levels of frataxin, a highly conserved protein, that result from a large GAA triplet repeat expansion within the first intron of the frataxin gene (FXN). Typical marks of heterochromatin are found near the expanded GAA repeat in FRDA patient cells and mouse models. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) with a pimelic diphenylamide structure and HDAC3 specificity can decondense the chromatin structure at the FXN gene and restore frataxin levels in cells from FRDA patients and in a GAA repeat based FRDA mouse model, KIKI, providing an appealing approach for FRDA therapeutics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In an effort to further improve the pharmacological profile of pimelic diphenylamide HDACIs as potential therapeutics for FRDA, we synthesized additional compounds with this basic structure and screened them for HDAC3 specificity. We characterized two of these compounds, 136 and 109, in FRDA patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes and in the KIKI mouse model. We tested their ability to upregulate frataxin at a range of concentrations in order to determine a minimal effective dose. We then determined in both systems the duration of effect of these drugs on frataxin mRNA and protein, and on total and local histone acetylation. The effects of these compounds exceeded the time of direct exposure in both systems. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results support the pre-clinical development of a therapeutic approach based on pimelic diphenylamide HDACIs for FRDA and provide information for the design of future human trials of these drugs, suggesting an intermittent administration of the drug.Journal ArticleResearch Support, N.I.H. ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Challenging undue influence?:Rethinking children’s participation in contested child contact

Despite the widespread ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, children continue to struggle to have their participation rights recognised and supported. This is evident within family law, where despite sometimes progressive and strong legislation, children’s views are often not heard, nor given due weight, when parent-child contact is contested within the courts. This paper explores barriers to children’s participation rights being realised. It uses Scotland as the example, due to its strong legal safeguards and mechanisms that aim to support participation rights. The paper draws on recent empirical research with legal professionals, combined with an analysis of reported case law and relevant literature, to explore the barriers ‘on the ground’ for children’s participation rights. Through our analysis, we offer new ways to conceptualise the notion of influence in children’s participation rights in family actions. We offer the conceptual devices of ‘the influenced child’ and ‘the influential child’ to elucidate how children’s participation rights are restricted

Structure and triclustering in Ba-Al-O glass

Glass-forming ability in the (BaO) x(Al 2O 3) 1-x system (0≤x≤1) was investigated by using the containerless aerodynamic levitation and laser-heating method. The main glass-forming region was found to occur for 0.40(2) ≤x≤ 0.48(2), where there is insufficient oxygen to form an ideal network of corner-sharing AlO 4 tetrahedra in which the oxygen atoms are twofold coordinated, with another narrow glass-forming region at x = 0.62(2) around the eutectic composition. The glass corresponding to x = 0.4 was chosen for further investigation by using both neutron and x-ray diffraction, and a detailed atomistic model was built by applying a combination of molecular dynamics and reverse Monte Carlo methods. The results show a network structure based predominantly on corner-sharing tetrahedral AlO 4 motifs in which triclusters (OAl 3 units formed by three tetrahedral Al atoms sharing a common vertex) play an integral part, with as many as 21% of the oxygen atoms involved in these configurations. The barium ions bind to an average of 7.4 O atoms, most of which are twofold-coordinated bridging oxygen atoms. The larger size of barium compared to calcium narrows the range of glass-forming compositions in alkaline-earth aluminates such that the main glass-forming range corresponds to a regime in which an oxygen-deficient Al-O network is stabilized by the formation of triclusters