Efeitos da Distribuição Treino/Testes Sobre a Formação de Classes de Estímulos Equivalentes sem Conseqüências Diferenciais

Human subjects respond consistently, in the absence of differential consequences only after a long exposure toconditional relations training, and delayed tests. The objective of the present experiment was to verify the effects of thereduction of the delay of the contact of the subject with the tests, submitted to a sequence in that the training of each one of theconditional relationships was to be followed by tests of simpler emergent relationships to the most complex relationships. Fouruniversity students had the task of touching a sensitive screen without differential consequences for correct or incorrectresponses. The stability criterion was 97% of successes for block (36 trials). The subjects answered consistently in the training;they also presented consistency in all tests after a single re-exposure. Three months later, two subjects were re-tested forsymmetry and equivalence, and they performed consistently in all of those tests. Early testing, used in this experiment seemsto have facilitated the emergence of stimulus equivalences.Sujeitos humanos respondem consistentemente na ausência de conseqüências diferenciais, porém após uma longa reexposição ao treino, seguido de testes, com atraso no contato dos sujeitos com os mesmos. O objetivo do presente experimento foi verificar os efeitos da redução do atraso do contato dos sujeitos com as tentativas de testes, submetidos a uma seqüência em que o treino de cada uma das relações condicionais era seguido de testes da mais simples até as relações mais complexas. Quatro universitários tinham como tarefa tocar uma tela sensível, sem conseqüências diferenciais para acertos e erros. O critério de estabilidade era 97% de acertos por bloco (36 tentativas). Os sujeitos responderam consistentemente no treino; também nos testes, após duas exposições. Decorridos três meses, dois dos sujeitos que foram submetidos a pós-testes de simetria e equivalência, apresentaram um desempenho positivo. A antecipação dos testes, parece ter facilitado a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Measurement of the CKM angle γγ in B±→DK±B^\pm\to D K^\pm and B±→Dπ±B^\pm \to D π^\pm decays with D→KS0h+h−D \to K_\mathrm S^0 h^+ h^-

A measurement of $CP$-violating observables is performed using the decays $B^\pm\to D K^\pm$ and $B^\pm\to D \pi^\pm$, where the $D$ meson is reconstructed in one of the self-conjugate three-body final states $K_{\mathrm S}\pi^+\pi^-$ and $K_{\mathrm S}K^+K^-$ (commonly denoted $K_{\mathrm S} h^+h^-$). The decays are analysed in bins of the $D$-decay phase space, leading to a measurement that is independent of the modelling of the $D$-decay amplitude. The observables are interpreted in terms of the CKM angle $\gamma$. Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $9\,\text{fb}^{-1}$ collected in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $7$, $8$, and $13\,\text{TeV}$ with the LHCb experiment, $\gamma$ is measured to be $\left(68.7^{+5.2}_{-5.1}\right)^\circ$. The hadronic parameters $r_B^{DK}$, $r_B^{D\pi}$, $\delta_B^{DK}$, and $\delta_B^{D\pi}$, which are the ratios and strong-phase differences of the suppressed and favoured $B^\pm$ decays, are also reported

Comunicação dos conhecimentos produzidos em análise do comportamento: uma competência a ser aprendida? Communication of knowledge in behavior analysis: a competence to be learned?

Analistas do comportamento têm dificuldades em comunicar seus conhecimentos para outras comunidades de cientistas e, principalmente, para as comunidades que poderiam aplicá-los, tais como professores, pais, enfermeiros, engenheiros, etc. Este ensaio apresenta reflexões e fomenta discussões relativas à análise de razões pelas quais ocorrem essas dificuldades e de busca de meios para as superar. A adequada comunicação entre analistas e não-analistas é importante devido ao retorno social que dela resulta.<br>Behavior analysts have some difficulties in communicating their knowledge to other scientific communities, mainly to those that could apply it, like teachers, parents, nurses, engineers and so on. This essay presents some reflections, as well as promotes discussions, on the reasons why those difficulties occur, and points out ways to overcome them. The adequate communication between behavior analysts and non-analysts is important on account of the social return it conveys

Discriminações condicionais após treino de pareamento consistente de estímulos complexos com atraso Conditional discrimination following complex stimulus consistency training with delay

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a formação de discriminações condicionais por meio de um procedimento de treino por pareamento consistente de estímulos complexos com atraso. Na Fase I, com cinco universitários, foi realizado o Pré-treino TX e Treinos de Aquisição AE, BF e DC envolvendo estímulos modelos e de comparação simples. Na Fase II, houve o Pré-treino MN-O/P, os Treinos AB-E/F e AD-C/F, num formato de pareamento consistente. Esses treinos foram intercalados aos Testes de Transitividade e de Equivalência EF/FE, CF/FC, BD/DB, com estímulos modelos complexos e de comparação simples. Na Fase III, os Treinos AB-E/F e AD-C/F foram desmembrados em AB-E, AB-F e AD-C e reaplicados os mesmos testes. Todos os participantes formaram as relações condicionais entre estímulos modelos simples e complexos, embora com variabilidade quanto à exposição aos blocos de tentativas. Houve variabilidade em termos de formação das relações emergentes testadas. Os resultados sugerem que o procedimento utilizado produziu discriminações condicionais e levou à formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes, não obstante a variabilidade referida. A busca de fontes de controle mais eficazes se faz necessária em pesquisas futuras.<br>The aim of this investigation was to assess the formation of conditional discriminations by means of a procedure involving complex stimulus training with delay. In phase I five university students received a pretraining TX trial followed by AE, BF and DC acquisition training involving matching-to-sample and simple comparison. In phase II a pretraining N-O/P, the training AB-E/F, and AD-C/F, with consistency training. These training trials were interspersed with EF/FE, CF/FC, and BD/DB transitivity and equivalence tests following complex matching-to-sample and simple comparison. In phase III AB-E/F and AD-CF trials occurred jointly with AB-E, AB-F and AD-C sequences, followed by transitivity and equivalence tests. All of the respondents formed conditional relations involving simple and complex matching-to-sample, albeit with variability across the trials. Variation was also present in the formation of emergent relations. These results suggest that, in spite of the variability, the procedures produced conditional discrimination leading to the formation of equivalent stimulus classes. In future research the identification of the most efficient forms of stimulus control is deemed necessary

Optimized artificial intelligence for enhanced ectasia detection using Scheimpflug-based corneal tomography and biomechanical data

PurposeTo optimize artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to integrate Scheimpflug-based corneal tomography and biomechanics to enhance ectasia detection.DesignMulticenter cross-sectional case-control retrospective study.Methods3,886 unoperated eyes from 3,412 patients had Pentacam and Corvis ST (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH; Wetzlar, Germany) examinations. The database included one eye randomly selected from 1,680 normal patients (N), and from 1,181 "bilateral" keratoconus (KC) patients, along with 551 normal topography eyes from very asymmetric ectasia patients (VAE-NT), and their 474 unoperated ectatic (VAE-E) eyes. The current TBIv1 (tomographic-biomechanical index) was tested, and an optimized AI algorithm was developed for augmenting accuracy.ResultsThe area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the TBIv1 for discriminating clinical ectasia (KC and VAE-E) was 0.999 (98.5% sensitivity; 98.6% specificity [cutoff 0.5]), and for VAE-NT, 0.899 (76% sensitivity; 89.1% specificity [cutoff 0.29]). A novel random forest algorithm (TBIv2), developed with 18 features in 156 trees using 10-fold cross-validation, had significantly higher AUC (0.945; DeLong, pConclusionAI optimization to integrate Scheimpflug-based corneal tomography and biomechanical assessments augments accuracy for ectasia detection, characterizing ectasia susceptibility in the diverse VAE-NT group. Some VAE patients may be true unilateral ectasia. Machine learning considering additional data, including epithelial thickness or other parameters from multimodal refractive imaging, will continuously enhance accuracy

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

First measurement of the C ⁣PC\!P-violating phase in Bs0 ⁣→J/ψ(→e+e−{{B} ^0_{s}} \!\rightarrow {{J /\psi }} (\rightarrow e ^+e ^-)ϕ\phi decays

A flavour-tagged time-dependent angular analysis of ${{B} ^0_{s}} \!\rightarrow {{J /\psi }} \phi$ decays is presented where the ${J /\psi }$ meson is reconstructed through its decay to an $e ^+e ^-$ pair. The analysis uses a sample of pp collision data recorded with the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and $8\text {\,Te V}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3 \text {\,fb} ^{-1}$. The $C\!P$-violating phase and lifetime parameters of the ${B} ^0_{s}$ system are measured to be ${\phi _{{s}}} =0.00\pm 0.28\pm 0.07\text {\,rad}$, ${\Delta \Gamma _{{s}}} =0.115\pm 0.045\pm 0.011\text {\,ps} ^{-1}$ and ${\Gamma _{{s}}} =0.608\pm 0.018\pm 0.012\text {\,ps} ^{-1}$ where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. This is the first time that $C\!P$-violating parameters are measured in the ${{B} ^0_{s}} \!\rightarrow {{J /\psi }} \phi$ decay with an $e ^+e ^-$ pair in the final state. The results are consistent with previous measurements in other channels and with the Standard Model predictions