O pravima na sportski imidž

The article deals with the different approaches adopted by American, Italian and German systems as to the possible infringement of the personal features of the recognized individuals. It starts with explaining an idea of the "right of publicity" - a doctrine rooted in the American jurisprudence which influenced the European civil law systems which started to recognize an economic value of the image. The approach adopted by the American doctrine moves toward a proprietary right, while the European, except for the UK, still remains within the theory of rights of personality. Although the model is still the same and simply indicates the right to control the commercial exploitation of persona, continental theory based on civil law of intangibles has been facing difficulties and obstacles as to possibility to inherit and transfer this entitlement. It seems, however, that we are on the best way to change our approach and accept that sometimes law should adjust to market reality and not otherwise.U tekstu se raspravlja o različitim pristupima kojima se služi američko, talijansko i njemačko pravosuđe u slučaju mogućih povreda osobnih karakteristika poznatih lica. Tekst započinje s objašnjavanjem prava na publicitet – doktrine koja je nastala u američkoj jurisprudenciji i koja je utjecala na europske kontinentalne civilno-pravne sustave koji su započeli s priznavanjem ekonomske vrijednosti imidža. Pristup kojeg je usvojila američka doktrina kreće se prema imovinskom pravu, dok se europsko pravo - osim UK prava - zadržava unutar teorije prava na osobnost. Iako je model još uvijek isti budući se njime jednostavno indicira pravo na kontrolu komercijalne eksploatacije osobe, kontinentalna teorija utemeljena na civilnom pravu o nematerijalnim stvarima sve se više susreće s poteškoćama i preprekama u nasljeđivanju i preuzimanju takve osnove. Ipak, po svemu sudeći nalazimo se na najboljem putu promjene pristupa i shvaćanja da se s vremena na vrijeme pravo prilagođava tržištu a ne obrnuto

Supports of and Barriers to Pursuing a Natural Resource Degree and Career: Perspectives of Culturally Diverse Young Adults

Federal natural resource agencies are facing a human resource crisis. Many natural resource professionals are reaching retirement and attracting young adults to fill vacancies may prove difficult. Although currently on the rise from a recent fall, enrollment in natural resource degree programs has not increased overall in the past three decades, which has resulted in a small and possibly shrinking pool of applicants for natural resource positions. In addition, increasingly young adults in the recruitment pool depart from the traditional background of current natural resource professionals (rural-raised, fisheries/wildlife/biology-educated, angler/hunter, white male) and agency workplace culture has not changed to match this new recruitment pool.;To recruit and retain more young adults and underrepresented groups in the natural resource field, more knowledge must be gained about the specific variables that influence the choice of natural resource majors and careers. Therefore, this study aims to examine the supports and barriers that influence the pursuit of a natural resource degree and career through the lens of the Social Cognitive Career Theory.;Specifically, this study seeks to answer three main research questions (1) What supports and barriers influence natural resource major choice?, (2) What supports and barriers influence natural resource career choice?, and (3) How do perceived supports and barriers regarding choice of the natural resource field differ between natural resource majors and recent hires?;The findings of the research are presented in the form of three articles for peer-reviewed journals. The first article is based on twenty-two interviews with recent hires with the Fish and Wildlife Service. The second is based on twenty-two interviews with undergraduate natural resource majors at West Virginia University and Alabama A&M; University. The final article compares the data from interviews with both recent hires and undergraduates.;By applying the Social Cognitive Career Theory, the first article highlights the supports and barriers that influence the natural resource career path of culturally diverse recent hires. Data revealed that young adults from underrepresented groups perceived unique and more numerous barriers and supports than white males. The second article emphasizes the supports and barriers that influence the choice of and persistence in a natural resource major. Interviews demonstrated that undergraduates from non-traditional backgrounds experienced increased barriers when compared to rural-raised, hunters/anglers in the major. The third article comparing the barriers faced by recent hires and undergraduates emphasizes the similarities between the two groups. The most notable difference between the two groups was that undergraduates experienced increased barriers because of non-traditional backgrounds, whereas recent hires experienced increased barriers because of ethnicity/race.;Based on results from each article, suggestions are made to improve recruitment and retention of young adults and underrepresented groups in the natural resource field. Furthermore, the successful application of the Social Cognitive Career Theory suggests its potential for improving future research on natural resource career choice

A coupled hydrology-biogeochemistry model to simulate dissolved organic carbon exports from a permafrost influenced catchment

Funded by Natural Environment Research Council. Grant Number: NE/K000268/1 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Controls on the composition and lability of dissolved organic matter in Siberia's Kolyma River basin

High-latitude northern rivers export globally significant quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the Arctic Ocean. Climate change, and its associated impacts on hydrology and potential mobilization of ancient organic matter from permafrost, is likely to modify the flux, composition, and thus biogeochemical cycling and fate of exported DOC in the Arctic. This study examined DOC concentration and the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) across the hydrograph in Siberia's Kolyma River, with a particular focus on the spring freshet period when the majority of the annual DOC load is exported. The composition of DOM within the Kolyma basin was characterized using absorbance-derived measurements (absorbance coefficienta330, specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), and spectral slope ratio SR) and fluorescence spectroscopy (fluorescence index and excitation-emission matrices (EEMs)), including parallel factor analyses of EEMs. Increased surface runoff during the spring freshet led to DOM optical properties indicative of terrestrial soil inputs with high humic-like fluorescence, SUVA254, and low SRand fluorescence index (FI). Under-ice waters, in contrast, displayed opposing trends in optical properties representing less aromatic, lower molecular weight DOM. We demonstrate that substantial losses of DOC can occur via biological (∼30% over 28 days) and photochemical pathways (>29% over 14 days), particularly in samples collected during the spring freshet. The emerging view is therefore that of a more dynamic and labile carbon pool than previously thought, where DOM composition plays a fundamental role in controlling the fate and removal of DOC at a pan-Arctic scale

High biolability of ancient permafrost carbon upon thaw

Ongoing climate warming in the Arctic will thaw permafrost and remobilize substantial terrestrial organic carbon (OC) pools. Around a quarter of northern permafrost OC resides in Siberian Yedoma deposits, the oldest form of permafrost carbon. However, our understanding of the degradation and fate of this ancient OC in coastal and fluvial environments still remains rudimentary. Here, we show that ancient dissolved OC (DOC, &gt;21,000 (14)Cyears), the oldest DOC ever reported, is mobilized in stream waters draining Yedoma outcrops. Furthermore, this DOC is highly biolabile: 34 +/- 0.8% was lost during a 14 day incubation under dark, oxygenated conditions at ambient river temperatures. Mixtures of Yedoma stream DOC with mainstem river and ocean waters, mimicking in situ mixing processes, also showed high DOC losses (14 days; 17 +/- 0.8% to 33 +/- 1.0%). This suggests that this exceptionally old DOC is among the most biolabile DOC in any previously reported contemporary river or stream in the Arctic.</p

Vegetation Leachate During Arctic Thaw Enhances Soil Microbial Phosphorus

Leachate from litter and vegetation penetrates permafrost surface soils during thaw before being exported to aquatic systems. We know this leachate is critical to ecosystem function downstream and hypothesized that thaw leachate inputs would also drive terrestrial microbial activity and nutrient uptake. However, we recognized two potential endpoint scenarios: vegetation leachate is an important source of C for microbes in thawing soil; or vegetation leachate is irrelevant next to the large background C, N, and P pools in thaw soil solution. We assessed these potential outcomes by making vegetation leachate from frozen vegetation and litter in four Arctic ecosystems that have a variety of litter quality and soil C, N, and P contents; one of these ecosystems included a disturbance recovery chronosequence that allowed us to test our second hypothesis that thaw leachate response would be enhanced in disturbed ecosystems. We added water or vegetation leachate to intact, frozen, winter soil cores and incubated the cores through thaw. We measured soil respiration throughout, and soil solution and microbial biomass C, N, and P pools and gross N mineralization immediately after a thaw incubation (−10 to 2°C) lasting 6 days. Vegetation leachate varied strongly by ecosystem in C, N, and P quantity and stoichiometry. Regardless, all vegetated ecosystems responded to leachate additions at thaw with an increase in the microbial biomass phosphate flush and an increase in soil solution carbon and nitrogen, implying a selective microbial uptake of phosphate from plant and litter leachate at thaw. This response to leachate additions was absent in recently disturbed, exposed mineral soil but otherwise did not differ between disturbed and undisturbed ecosystems. The selective uptake of P by microbes implies either thaw microbial P limitation or thaw microbial P uptake opportunism, and that spring thaw is an important time for P retention in several Arctic ecosystems

European Union and Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters - Success or Defeat?

European Union and Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters - Success or Defeat? Adjunct Professor Dr. Justyna Balcarczyk, LL.M, Civil Law Department, Law Faculty, University of Wroclaw, Poland; 2011-2012 Visiting Fulbright Scholar, Chicago-Kent College of Law

Sports image rights – a comparative overview

The article deals with the different approaches adopted by American, Italian and German systems as to the possible infringement of the personal features of the recognized individuals. It starts with explaining an idea of the "right of publicity" - a doctrine rooted in the American jurisprudence which influenced the European civil law systems which started to recognize an economic value of the image. The approach adopted by the American doctrine moves toward a proprietary right, while the European, except for the UK, still remains within the theory of rights of personality. Although the model is still the same and simply indicates the right to control the commercial exploitation of persona, continental theory based on civil law of intangibles has been facing difficulties and obstacles as to possibility to inherit and transfer this entitlement. It seems, however, that we are on the best way to change our approach and accept that sometimes law should adjust to market reality and not otherwise