Measuring Whitespace Patterns as an Indication of Plagiarism

There are several different methods of comparing source code from different programs to find copying1 . Perhaps the most common method is comparing source code statements, comments, strings, identifiers, and instruction sequences. However, there are anecdotes about the use of whitespace patterns in code. These virtually invisible patterns of spaces and tabs have been used in litigation to imply copying, but no formal study has been performed that shows that these patterns can actually identify copied code. This paper presents a detailed study of whitespace patterns and the uniqueness of these patterns in different programs. Keywords: Copyright Infringement, Intellectual Property, Litigation, Open Source, Plagiarism, Source Code, Source Code Similarity, Whitespace

Categorified central extensions, \'etale Lie 2-groups and Lie's Third Theorem for locally exponential Lie algebras

Lie's Third Theorem, asserting that each finite-dimensional Lie algebra is the Lie algebra of a Lie group, fails in infinite dimensions. The modern account on this phenomenon is the integration problem for central extensions of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, which in turn is phrased in terms of an integration procedure for Lie algebra cocycles. This paper remedies the obstructions for integrating cocycles and central extensions from Lie algebras to Lie groups by generalising the integrating objects. Those objects obey the maximal coherence that one can expect. Moreover, we show that they are the universal ones for the integration problem. The main application of this result is that a Mackey-complete locally exponential Lie algebra (e.g., a Banach-Lie algebra) integrates to a Lie 2-group in the sense that there is a natural Lie functor from certain Lie 2-groups to Lie algebras, sending the integrating Lie 2-group to an isomorphic Lie algebra.Comment: 34 pages, essentially revised, to appear in Adv. Mat

An open prospective single cohort multicenter study evaluating the novel, tapered, conical connection implants supporting single crowns in the anterior and premolar maxilla : interim 1-year results

Objectives The aim of this multicenter prospective clinical study was to evaluate anodized tapered implants with a conical connection and integrated platform shifting placed in the anterior and premolar maxilla. Materials and methods The study enrolled patients requiring single-tooth restorations in healed sites of maxillary anterior and premolar teeth. All implants were immediately temporized. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were conducted at implant insertion, 6 months, and 1 year. Outcome measures included bone remodeling, cumulative survival rate (CSR), success rate, soft-tissue health and esthetics, and patient satisfaction. Bone remodeling and pink esthetic score were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. CSR was calculated using life table analysis. Other soft-tissue outcomes were analyzed using sign tests. Results Out of 97 enrolled patients (102 implants), 87 patients (91 implants) completed the 1-year visit. Marginal bone remodeling was 0.85 1.36 mm. After the expected initial bone loss, a mean bone gain of 0.11 1.05 mm was observed between 6 months and 1 year. The CSR was 99.0%, and the cumulative success rate was 97.0%. Partial or full papilla was observed at 30.8% of sites at baseline, 87.2% at 6 months, and 90.5% at 1 year. Soft-tissue response, esthetics, and patient satisfaction all improved during the study period. Conclusions Bone gain was observed following the expected initial bone loss, and soft-tissue outcomes improved suggesting favorable tissue response using anodized tapered conical connection implants. Clinical relevance Rapid stabilization of bone remodeling and robust papilla regeneration indicate favorable tissue healing promoted by the conical connection, platform-shift design. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT02175550(VLID)354529

Additional file 1: Figures S1–S5. of Widespread activation of antisense transcription of the host genome during herpes simplex virus 1 infection

Figure S1 Coverage profiles of antisense transcripts. Figure S2 Validation of antisense transcripts. Figure S3 Antisense transcripts with PAA, knockout virus, and HSV-2 infection [67]. Figure S4 Antisense transcript promoters are already poised for transcription. Figure S5 Ectopically expressed BBC3as localizes outside the nucleus. (PDF 4275 kb

Nutritional screening and assessment tools for older adults: literature review

Aim: This paper reports a literature review to examine the range of published tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess nutritional status of older adults, and the extent to which validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tools has been addressed. Background: The incidence of malnutrition in older adults is high. One method by which malnutrition or risk of malnutrition can be detected is by the use of nutritional screening or assessment tools. Methods: A comprehensive literature review methodology was employed. A variety of electronic databases were searched for the period 1982-2002. Search terms incorporating nutrition, screening, validity, reliability and sensitivity and specificity were combined to retrieve relevant literature. In addition, manual searches were conducted and articles retrieved from those listed in key papers. In this paper, nutritional screening or assessment tools are described as tools which use a questionnaire-type format containing more than one risk factor for malnutrition, and give a quantitative or categorical assessment of risk. Results: Seventy-one nutritional tools were located, 21 of which were identified as designated for use with an older population. A wide variety of risk factors for malnutrition are used with the tools, ranging from objective measurements to subjective assessment. Some tools identify an action plan based on the score obtained. Many tools appear not to have been subjected to validity and/or reliability testing but are used clinically. Conclusion: As malnutrition is present in the older adult population, nutritional assessment and screening tools can be useful to highlight those in need of a nutritional care plan. However, many have not been subjected to evaluation and consequently may not demonstrate sensitivity and/or specificity in clinical use. The decision to use a particular tool should therefore be considered carefully