High beverage sugar as well as high animal protein intake at infancy may increase overweight risk at 8 years: a prospective longitudinal pilot study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Combined effects of early exposure to beverage sugar and animal protein and later life overweight risk have not been studied.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective longitudinal study was initiated in 2001 with 226 infants between 4 and 13 months of age. Dietary intake was assessed with a 2 day food record. Also information on infant body weight and socio-economic status was obtained at baseline. At 8 year follow-up in 2009, children were surveyed again. Main outcome measure was overweight at 8 years as defined by BMIsds > = +1.0. Also maternal BMI, present dietary intake and physical activity, were obtained by questionnaire and 2-day food record.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At the 8 year follow up, 120 children (53%) were surveyed again. Of those, questionnaires and food records were completed for 63 children, for the other 57 children only weight and height at 8 years was available; 20 out of 120 children (17%) were self-reported overweight at 8 years of age. Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs; 95% CI) for overweight at 8 years were 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) for beverage sugar intake per one percent of energy intake and 4.06 (1.50, 11.00) for the highest tertile of animal protein intake at infancy compared to the lowest two tertiles. After adjustment for sex, age, infant weight, breastfed at intake assessment, and socio-economic status, odds ratios were 1.13 (1.03, 1.24) for beverage sugar, and 9.67 (2.56, 36.53) for highest tertile of animal protein intake. In the subgroup with completed questionnaire (n = 63) ORs were also adjusted for current maternal overweight, more than 2 months full breastfeeding, physical activity, and energy intake, but ORs remained significantly associated with overweight at 8 years.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A high intake of sugar containing beverages as well as animal protein in the first year of life may increase the risk of overweight at 8 years. The results of this pilot investigation should be confirmed in a larger cohort.</p

Navigating pregnancy and early motherhood in prison: a thematic analysis of mothers’ experiences

BACKGROUND: Maternal imprisonment negatively impacts mothers and their children and is likely to have lifelong and intergenerational sequelae. In many jurisdictions nationally and internationally, young children (usually those less than 5 years) can reside with their mothers in prison. However, there is considerable debate regarding the impact of prison environments on incarcerated mothers and their children who are born, and/or raised in prison. Research to date on the pregnancy and mothering experiences of imprisoned mothers and their preferences for care arrangements for their babies and young children is limited. METHODS: This study was part of the Transforming Corrections to Transform Lives project, in which workshops were conducted with imprisoned mothers to understand their needs while in custody and post-release, and the kind of supports and system changes that are required to meet those needs. Incarcerated mothers (n = 75) participated in seven workshops conducted across four Queensland prisons. Themes were generated through reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes characterised mothers’ experiences of being pregnant and undertaking a mothering role of a young child while in prison. First, for most mothers, imprisonment adds vulnerability and isolation during pregnancy and childbirth. Second, although mothers felt that residing together with their children in prison motivated them to change for a better future, they were concerned about the potential negative impact of the prison environment on the child’s development. Lastly, most mothers voiced losing autonomy and agency to practice motherhood independently within custodial settings. Mothers expressed a need for the correctional system to be adapted, so it is better equipped to address the unique and additional needs of mothers with young children. CONCLUSION: Mothers’ experiences indicated that the correctional system and policies, which were predominantly designed for men, do not adequately address the varied and complex needs of pregnant women, mothers, and their young children. Imprisonment of pregnant women and mothers with young children should be the last resort, and they should be provided with holistic, individually tailored support, most preferably in community settings, to address their multiple intersecting needs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40352-022-00196-4

Codon-precise, synthetic, antibody fragment libraries built using automated hexamer codon additions and validated through next generation sequencing

We have previously described ProxiMAX, a technology that enables the fabrication of precise, combinatorial gene libraries via codon-by-codon saturation mutagenesis. ProxiMAX was originally performed using manual, enzymatic transfer of codons via blunt-end ligation. Here we present Colibra™: an automated, proprietary version of ProxiMAX used specifically for antibody library generation, in which double-codon hexamers are transferred during the saturation cycling process. The reduction in process complexity, resulting library quality and an unprecedented saturation of up to 24 contiguous codons are described. Utility of the method is demonstrated via fabrication of complementarity determining regions (CDR) in antibody fragment libraries and next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of their quality and diversity

Individualized breastfeeding support for acutely ill, malnourished infants under 6 months old

Reestablishing exclusive breastfeeding is the cornerstone of the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines for acute malnutrition in infants less than 6 months. However, no studies have investigated guideline implementation and subsequent outcomes in a public hospital setting in Africa. To facilitate implementation of the WHO 2013 guidelines in Kilifi County Hospital, Kenya, we developed standard operating procedure, recruited, and trained three breastfeeding peer supporters (BFPS). Between September 2016 and January 2018, the BFPS provided individual breastfeeding support to mothers of infants aged 4 weeks to 4 months admitted to Kilifi County Hospital with an illness and acute malnutrition (mid-upper-arm circumference \u3c 11.0 cm OR weight-for-age z score \u3c -2 OR weight-for-length z score \u3c -2). Infants were followed daily while in hospital then every 2 weeks for 6 weeks after discharge with data collected on breastfeeding, infant growth, morbidity, and mortality. Of 106 infants with acute malnutrition at admission, 51 met the inclusion criteria for the study. Most enrolled mothers had multiple breastfeeding challenges, which were predominantly technique based. Exclusive breastfeeding was 55% at admission and 81% at discharge; at discharge 67% of infants had attained a weight velocity of \u3e5 g/kg/day for three consecutive days on breastmilk alone. Gains in weight-for-length z score and weight-for-age z score were generally not sustained beyond 2 weeks after discharge. BFPS operated effectively in an inpatient setting, applying the 2013 updated WHO guidelines and increasing rates of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge. However, lack of continued increase in anthropometric Z scores after discharge suggests the need for more sustained interventions

New label no progress: institutional racism and the persistent segregation of Romani students in the Czech Republic

The over-representation of Romani children in special schools in the Czech Republic is well documented and widely condemned. In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found the state guilty of discrimination against Romani children on the basis of disproportionate placement of children in remedial special schools. In 2015 high numbers of Romani children are still being misdiagnosed with Special Educational Needs and offered a limited and inappropriate education. This article explores the challenges which continue to hamper their successful inclusion in the Czech education system. Using Critical Race Theory as a lens to examine the Czech case, problems with the current policy trajectory are identified. The article shows that institutional racism persists in the Czech Republic, shaping attitudes and practices at all levels. Policy makers demonstrate little recognition of ingrained educational inequalities and Roma continue to be widely perceived as ‘others’ who must learn to adapt to Czech ways rather than as citizens who are entitled to services on their own terms

The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014

The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 (IDP2014) is the first publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2013. It consists of two parts: (1) a compilation of digital data for more than 200 trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) as well as classical hydrographic parameters, and (2) the eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas providing a strongly inter-linked on-line atlas including more than 300 section plots and 90 animated 3D scenes. The IDP2014 covers the Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian oceans, exhibiting highest data density in the Atlantic. The TEI data in the IDP2014 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results and multi-laboratory data comparisons at cross-over stations. The digital data are provided in several formats, including ASCII spreadsheet, Excel spreadsheet, netCDF, and Ocean Data View collection. In addition to the actual data values the IDP2014 also contains data quality flags and 1-? data error values where available. Quality flags and error values are useful for data filtering. Metadata about data originators, analytical methods and original publications related to the data are linked to the data in an easily accessible way. The eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas is the visual representation of the IDP2014 data providing section plots and a new kind of animated 3D scenes. The basin-wide 3D scenes allow for viewing of data from many cruises at the same time, thereby providing quick overviews of large-scale tracer distributions. In addition, the 3D scenes provide geographical and bathymetric context that is crucial for the interpretation and assessment of observed tracer plumes, as well as for making inferences about controlling processes

Séparations parentales et hébergement alterné égalitaire en Belgique: cadre juridique et regard des praticien•nes du droit

Ce rapport s’intéresse au traitement judiciaire des demandes de l’hébergement alterné égalitaire (HAE) en Belgique. Il est divisé en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre pose succinctement le cadre juridique en matière de séparation parentale et d’hébergement des enfants en Belgique à l’heure actuelle. Il se base sur une revue de la littérature et sur des entretiens menés avec deux avocates pratiquant le droit de la famille. Les chapitres suivants se penchent sur les différents critères qui entrent en compte dans les affaires qui concernent une demande d’HAE en Belgique, en croisant les témoignages de juges et avocats pratiquant le droit de la famille. Le deuxième chapitre présente les résultats d’une enquête par questionnaire menée en 2018 auprès d’avocat·es familialistes francophones en Belgique. Il apporte un éclairage sur les pratiques professionnelles des avocat·es et les critères qui pèsent encore aujourd’hui en défaveur de l’HAE dans les décisions juridiques. Le troisième chapitre apporte un éclairage complémentaire au chapitre deux, en confrontant les critères qui se dégagent de l’enquête auprès des avocat·es avec le témoignage de huit juges de la famille. Ces témoignages permettent de mieux apprécier les notions recouvertes par ces critères, la manière dont ils sont sous-pesés par les magistrat·es, et, in fine, les représentations de la famille qui sous-tendent ces processus

Traitement judiciaire des demandes d’hébergement égalitaire en Belgique : critères d’évaluation et normativités familiales

Cet article s’intéresse aux différents critères qui entrent en compte dans les affaires qui concernent une demande d’hébergement égalitaire en Belgique, en croisant les témoignages de juges et avocats pratiquant le droit de la famille. Par-delà les critères identifiés, il s’agit de comprendre quelles sont les représentations normatives de la famille qui informent l’évaluation des demandes et la motivation des refus d’un hébergement égalitaire. Dans un premier temps, nous basant sur les résultats d'une enquête par questionnaire administrée en ligne fin 2017-début 2018, nous nous intéressons aux critères d’appréciation mobilisés par les avocats pratiquant le droit de la famille dans leur rôle de conseil et d’assistance, puis à ceux qui sont mobilisés dans une série de dossiers traités par ces avocats, par les parents pour s’opposer à une demande d’hébergement égalitaire et par les juges pour motiver leur refus d’accorder un tel mode d’hébergement. Dans un second temps, nous confrontons les critères qui se dégagent du témoignage des avocats avec les pratiques et représentations de huit juges de la famille interviewés en 2018, ce qui nous permet de mieux apprécier les notions recouvertes par ces critères, la manière dont ils sont sous-pesés par les magistrats, et, in fine, les représentations de la famille qui sous-tendent ces processus

Lifestyle versus social determinants of health in Dutch parliament: A text mining analysis

Although public health scholars increasingly recognize the importance of the social determinants of health (SDOH), political discourse on health tends to emphasize downstream lifestyle factors instead. We use a text mining approach to analyse a decade of health debate in the Dutch house of representatives, testing three specific causes of the lack of attention for SDOH: political ideology, by which members of parliament (MPs) from some political orientations may prioritize lifestyle factors over SDOH; lifestyle drift, by which early attention for SDOH during problem analysis is replaced by a lifestyle focus in the development of solutions as the challenges in addressing SDOH become clear; and focusing events, by which one-off political or societal events bolster the lifestyle perspective on health. Our analysis shows that political ideology predicted the topics referred to by members of parliament, with left-leaning members referring more to SDOH and right-leaning members more to lifestyle. However, while some parliamentary periods start with an SDOH focus followed by a focus on lifestyle, the pattern is reversed in other parliamentary periods, yielding inconsistent evidence for and against lifestyle drift. Finally, while the ten-year peak in lifestyle-related language coincided with an important political moment around lifestyle (an anti-smoking initiative), the same was true for the SDOH peak (which coincided with a broader prevention program), and both these peaks were rendered relatively insignificant by the larger and more consistent attention for the health care system. This paper provides a first step toward automated analysis of policy debates at scale, opening up new avenues for the empirical study of health political discourse

Lifestyle versus social determinants of health in the Dutch parliament: An automated analysis of debate transcripts

Although public health scholars increasingly recognize the importance of the social determinants of health (SDOH), health policy outputs tend to emphasize downstream lifestyle factors instead. We use an automated corpus research approach to analyse fourteen years of health policy debate in the Dutch House of Representatives’ Health Committee, testing three potential causes of the lack of attention for SDOH: political ideology, by which members of parliament (MPs) from some political orientations may prioritize lifestyle factors over SDOH; lifestyle drift, by which early attention for SDOH during problem analysis is replaced by a lifestyle focus in the development of solutions as the challenges in addressing SDOH become clear; and focusing events, by which political or societal chance events, known to the public and political elites simultaneously, bolster the lifestyle perspective on health. Our analysis shows that overall, the committee spent most of its time discussing neither SDOH nor lifestyle: healthcare financing and service delivery dominated instead. When SDOH or lifestyle were referenced, left-leaning MPs referred significantly more to SDOH and right-leaning MPs significantly more to lifestyle. Temporal effects related to election cycles yielded inconsistent evidence. Finally, peak attention for both lifestyle and SDOH coincided with ongoing political debate instead of exogenous, unforeseen focusing events, and these peaks were rendered relatively insignificant by the larger and more consistent attention for health care. This paper provides a first step toward automated analysis of policy debates at scale, opening up new avenues for the empirical study of health political discourse