Percepcion social de difusión no responsable de información y descalificacion científica en Covid-19

The objective of the study is to know the reasons that induce people to irresponsibly disseminate information about Covid-19 treatment and to disqualify scientific reports that reject the use of some substances for putting people's health at risk. The rapid dissemination of Covid-19, brought with it a problem equal or more dangerous than viremia itself, such as the irresponsible dissemination of information not supported by science about the treatment of this disease, endangering the health of the population by encouraging the management of risky behaviors that are not scientifically supported. The study carried out is qualitative phenomenological, in this was performed a documentary analysis of videos, and publications on social networks, as well as unstructured interviews to 12 people between 20 and 65 years of age from Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela, with inductive analysis in Atlas ti v.22 software, of 3 guiding categories on causes and perceptions of non-responsible dissemination of information and disqualification of scientific evidence, obtaining 9 emerging categories based on rooting and density, with intercategorial triangulation and informants. It was found that individual causes are present in 58%, and social causes in 48% are related to poor health education and lack of sufficient scientific arguments. In evaluating immediate, mediate, and potential influences in the MIC MAC software and after the evaluation of thematic experts, it is evident that poor health education is the most important influencing and influenced element that influences the dissemination of hoaxes and scientific disqualification of information on COVID-19. For this reason, it is recommended that governments and scientists emphasize the form of communication to the population on emerging diseases, carrying out permanent education campaigns on the subject.   Keywords: Infodemia, disinformation, bulos, Covid 19, pandemia.El objetivo del estudio es identificar las razones que inducen a las personas para difundir de manera irresponsable información sobre el tratamiento de la Covid-19 y descalificar los reportes científicos que rechazan el uso de algunas sustancias por poner en riesgo la salud de las personas. La rápida difusión de la Covid-19, trajo consigo un problema igual o más peligroso que la viremia misma, como es la difusión irresponsable de información no respaldada por la ciencia en relación al tratamiento de esta enfermedad poniendo en peligro la salud a la población al fomentar el manejo de conductas riesgosas y no avaladas científicamente. El estudio realizado es cualitativo fenomenológico, en el que se realizó análisis documental, de videos y publicaciones en redes sociales, así como  entrevistas no estructuradas a 12 personas entre 20 a 65 años de edad de Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador y Venezuela, con análisis inductivo  en software Atlas ti v.22, de 3 categorías orientadoras sobre causas y percepciones de difusión no responsable de información y descalificación de evidencia científica, obteniéndose  9 categorías emergentes en base al enraizamiento y densidad, con triangulación intercategorial y de informantes. Se encontró que las causas individuales se presentan en 58%, y sociales 48% relacionadas a pobre educación en salud y ausencia de argumentos científicos suficientes. En la evaluación de influencias inmediatas, mediatas  y potenciales en el software MIC MAC y luego de la evaluación de expertos temáticos, se evidencia que la pobre educación en salud, se constituye en el elemento influenciador e influenciado más importante que influye en la difusión de bulos y descalificación científica de información sobre COVID-19, por lo que se recomienda a los gobernantes y científicos, poner énfasis en la forma de comunicación a la población sobre enfermedades emergentes, realizando campañas de educación permanentes en el tema.   Palabras Clave: Infodemia, desinformación, bulos, Covid 19, pandemia

Specific Recognition of Influenza A/H1N1/2009 Antibodies in Human Serum: A Simple Virus-Free ELISA Method

Although it has been estimated that pandemic Influenza A H1N1/2009 has infected millions of people from April to October 2009, a more precise figure requires a worldwide large-scale diagnosis of the presence of Influenza A/H1N1/2009 antibodies within the population. Assays typically used to estimate antibody titers (hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization) would require the use of the virus, which would seriously limit broad implementation.An ELISA method to evaluate the presence and relative concentration of specific Influenza A/H1N1/2009 antibodies in human serum samples is presented. The method is based on the use of a histidine-tagged recombinant fragment of the globular region of the hemagglutinin (HA) of the Influenza A H1N1/2009 virus expressed in E. coli.The ELISA method consistently discerns between Inf A H1N1 infected and non-infected subjects, particularly after the third week of infection/exposure. Since it does not require the use of viral particles, it can be easily and quickly implemented in any basic laboratory. In addition, in a scenario of insufficient vaccine availability, the use of this ELISA could be useful to determine if a person has some level of specific antibodies against the virus and presumably at least partial protection

An Influenza A/H1N1/2009 Hemagglutinin Vaccine Produced in Escherichia coli

The A/H1N1/2009 influenza pandemic made evident the need for faster and higher-yield methods for the production of influenza vaccines. Platforms based on virus culture in mammalian or insect cells are currently under investigation. Alternatively, expression of fragments of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein in prokaryotic systems can potentially be the most efficacious strategy for the manufacture of large quantities of influenza vaccine in a short period of time. Despite experimental evidence on the immunogenic potential of HA protein constructs expressed in bacteria, it is still generally accepted that glycosylation should be a requirement for vaccine efficacy.We expressed the globular HA receptor binding domain, referred to here as HA(63-286)-RBD, of the influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus in Escherichia coli using a simple, robust and scalable process. The recombinant protein was refolded and purified from the insoluble fraction of the cellular lysate as a single species. Recombinant HA(63-286)-RBD appears to be properly folded, as shown by analytical ultracentrifugation and bio-recognition assays. It binds specifically to serum antibodies from influenza A/H1N1/2009 patients and was found to be immunogenic, to be capable of triggering the production of neutralizing antibodies, and to have protective activity in the ferret model.Projections based on our production/purification data indicate that this strategy could yield up to half a billion doses of vaccine per month in a medium-scale pharmaceutical production facility equipped for bacterial culture. Also, our findings demonstrate that glycosylation is not a mandatory requirement for influenza vaccine efficacy

Effects of intubation timing in patients with COVID-19 throughout the four waves of the pandemic : a matched analysis

The primary aim of our study was to investigate the association between intubation timing and hospital mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure. We also analysed both the impact of such timing throughout the first four pandemic waves and the influence of prior non-invasive respiratory support on outcomes. This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre, observational and prospective cohort study that included all consecutive patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 from across 58 Spanish intensive care units (ICU) participating in the CIBERESUCICOVID project. The study period was between 29 February 2020 and 31 August 2021. Early intubation was defined as that occurring within the first 24 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Propensity score (PS) matching was used to achieve balance across baseline variables between the early intubation cohort and those patients who were intubated after the first 24 h of ICU admission. Differences in outcomes between early and delayed intubation were also assessed. We performed sensitivity analyses to consider a different timepoint (48 h from ICU admission) for early and delayed intubation. Of the 2725 patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation, a total of 614 matched patients were included in the analysis (307 for each group). In the unmatched population, there were no differences in mortality between the early and delayed groups. After PS matching, patients with delayed intubation presented higher hospital mortality (27.3% versus 37.1%, p =0.01), ICU mortality (25.7% versus 36.1%, p=0.007) and 90-day mortality (30.9% versus 40.2%, p=0.02) when compared to the early intubation group. Very similar findings were observed when we used a 48-hour timepoint for early or delayed intubation. The use of early intubation decreased after the first wave of the pandemic (72%, 49%, 46% and 45% in the first, second, third and fourth wave, respectively; first versus second, third and fourth waves p<0.001). In both the main and sensitivity analyses, hospital mortality was lower in patients receiving high-flow nasal cannula (n=294) who were intubated earlier. The subgroup of patients undergoing NIV (n=214) before intubation showed higher mortality when delayed intubation was set as that occurring after 48 h from ICU admission, but not when after 24 h. In patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, delayed intubation was associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality. The use of early intubation significantly decreased throughout the course of the pandemic. Benefits of such an approach occurred more notably in patients who had received high-flow nasal cannul

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Ciencia Odontológica 2.0

Libro que muestra avances de la Investigación Odontológica en MéxicoEs para los integrantes de la Red de Investigación en Estomatología (RIE) una enorme alegría presentar el segundo de una serie de 6 libros sobre casos clínicos, revisiones de la literatura e investigaciones. La RIE está integrada por cuerpos académicos de la UAEH, UAEM, UAC y UdeG

Chile i La Arjentina : un debate de 55 años / Gonzalo Búlnes

213 p., 1 f. ; 19 c

Historia de la campaña del Perú en 1838

Con map. para el estudio de las campaña