A transação penal

A transação penal tem a previsão constitucional no art. 98, inciso I da CFRB/ 98 e no art. 76 da lei n. 9.099/95. Todavia, tanto na doutrina quanto na jurisprudência, as divergências sobre a sua constitucionalidade e a eficácia como meio despenalizador têm sido latentes. Acontece que a CFRB/98 não definiu as hipóteses da aplicação do instituto concretamente. Abarcada pela lei 9.099/95, a previsão da aplicação ganhou contornos mais definidos, possibilitando a aplicação antes do início do processo propriamente dito. Como um novo instituto, traz em seu bojo também novos traços bifrontes; ora na ocasião da homologação da sentença decorrente da escolha do autor do fato em ter a redução dos seus direitos sem a ampla defesa ou a demanda de um processo; ora nas conseqüências do descumprimento da sentença homologada. Fatidicamente, a situação das partes nos pólos, quer como autor do fato ou como vítima, estará atrelada na ordem de quem trouxe a notícia crime. Para um humilde vislumbre sobre o tema, há o necessário espraiar sobre outros institutos, a pena, sua evolução histórica, suas teorias bem como a falha na pena privativa de liberdade, quanto ao malogro na consecução das suas principais finalidades. O estudo do instituto da transação penal, como o cerne deste trabalho, implica também numa rápida análise das penas alternativas trazidas para o ordenamento jurídico através das Leis 9099/95 e 9714/98. No ponto máximo da trajetória do estudo, pretende-se o esclarecimento das divergências sobre o tema escolhido, principalmente as relacionadas com à natureza jurídica da transação penal e natureza jurídica da sentença que a homologa. Sobre a primeira divergência pergunta-se: se a natureza jurídica é de poder discricionário do Ministério Público ou é direito subjetivo do autuado? Quanto a natureza jurídica da sentença que a homologa faz-se questionamento se esta é condenatória, absolutória ou meramente homologatória. Outra grande divergência sobre o objeto do trabalho é referente aos efeitos no caso de descumprimento da transação penal, esta se dá em função da omissão da lei vigente que não disciplina o que fazer diante de casos como este. Sobre este ponto espera-se que o legislador se manifeste de forma expressa dando uma solução eficaz

Machine Learning, Compositional and Fractal Models to Diagnose Soil Quality and Plant Nutrition

Soils, nutrients and other factors support human food production. The loss of high-quality soils and readily minable nutrient sources pose a great challenge to present-day agriculture. A comprehensive scheme is required to make wise decisions on system’s sustainability and minimize the risk of crop failure. Soil quality provides useful indicators of its chemical, physical and biological status. Tools of precision agriculture and high-throughput technologies allow acquiring numerous soil and plant data at affordable costs in the perspective of customizing recommendations. Large and diversified datasets must be acquired uniformly among stakeholders to diagnose soil quality and plant nutrition at local scale, compare side-by-side defective and successful cases, implement trustful practices and reach high resource-use efficiency. Machine learning methods can combine numerous edaphic, managerial and climatic yield-impacting factors to conduct nutrient diagnosis and manage nutrients at local scale where factors interact. Compositional data analysis are tools to run numerical analyses on interacting components. Fractal models can describe aggregate stability tied to soil conservation practices and return site-specific indicators for decomposition rates of organic matter in relation to soil tillage and management. This chapter reports on machine learning, compositional and fractal models to support wise decisions on crop fertilization and soil conservation practices

Hepatitis D double reflex testing of all hepatitis B carriers in low-HBV- and high-HBV/HDV-prevalence countries

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection occurs as a coinfection with hepatitis B and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis, and mortality compared to hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection. Reliable estimates of the prevalence of HDV infection and disease burden are essential to formulate strategies to find coinfected individuals more effectively and efficiently. The global prevalence of HBV infections was estimated to be 262,240,000 in 2021. Only 1,994,000 of the HBV infections were newly diagnosed in 2021, with more than half of the new diagnoses made in China. Our initial estimates indicated a much lower prevalence of HDV antibody (anti-HDV) and HDV RNA positivity than previously reported in published studies. Accurate estimates of HDV prevalence are needed. The most effective method to generate estimates of the prevalence of anti-HDV and HDV RNA positivity and to find undiagnosed individuals at the national level is to implement double reflex testing. This requires anti-HDV testing of all hepatitis B surface antigen-positive individuals and HDV RNA testing of all anti-HDV-positive individuals. This strategy is manageable for healthcare systems since the number of newly diagnosed HBV cases is low. At the global level, a comprehensive HDV screening strategy would require only 1,994,000 HDV antibody tests and less than 89,000 HDV PCR tests. Double reflex testing is the preferred strategy in countries with a low prevalence of HBV and those with a high prevalence of both HBV and HDV. For example, in the European Union and North America only 35,000 and 22,000 cases, respectively, will require anti-HDV testing annually

International genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new primary biliary cirrhosis risk loci and targetable pathogenic pathways.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a classical autoimmune liver disease for which effective immunomodulatory therapy is lacking. Here we perform meta-analyses of discovery data sets from genome-wide association studies of European subjects (n=2,764 cases and 10,475 controls) followed by validation genotyping in an independent cohort (n=3,716 cases and 4,261 controls). We discover and validate six previously unknown risk loci for PBC (Pcombined<5 × 10(-8)) and used pathway analysis to identify JAK-STAT/IL12/IL27 signalling and cytokine-cytokine pathways, for which relevant therapies exist

The GenTree Platform: growth traits and tree-level environmental data in 12 European forest tree species

Background: Progress in the field of evolutionary forest ecology has been hampered by the huge challenge of phenotyping trees across their ranges in their natural environments, and the limitation in high-resolution environmental information. Findings: The GenTree Platform contains phenotypic and environmental data from 4,959 trees from 12 ecologically and economically important European forest tree species: Abies alba Mill. (silver fir), Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine), Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), Pinus nigra Arnold (European black pine), Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Populus nigra L. (European black poplar), Taxus baccata L. (English yew), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak). Phenotypic (height, diameter at breast height, crown size, bark thickness, biomass, straightness, forking, branch angle, fructification), regeneration, environmental in situ measurements (soil depth, vegetation cover, competition indices), and environmental modeling data extracted by using bilinear interpolation accounting for surrounding conditions of each tree (precipitation, temperature, insolation, drought indices) were obtained from trees in 194 sites covering the species’ geographic ranges and reflecting local environmental gradients. Conclusion: The GenTree Platform is a new resource for investigating ecological and evolutionary processes in forest trees. The coherent phenotyping and environmental characterization across 12 species in their European ranges allow for a wide range of analyses from forest ecologists, conservationists, and macro-ecologists. Also, the data here presented can be linked to the GenTree Dendroecological collection, the GenTree Leaf Trait collection, and the GenTree Genomic collection presented elsewhere, which together build the largest evolutionary forest ecology data collection available

Between but not within species variation in the distribution of fitness effects

New mutations provide the raw material for evolution and adaptation. The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the spectrum of effects of new mutations that can occur along a genome, and is therefore of vital interest in evolutionary biology. Recent work has uncovered striking similarities in the DFE between closely related species, prompting us to ask whether there is variation in the DFE among populations of the same species, or among species with different degrees of divergence, i.e., whether there is variation in the DFE at different levels of evolution. Using exome capture data from six tree species sampled across Europe we characterised the DFE for multiple species, and for each species, multiple populations, and investigated the factors potentially influencing the DFE, such as demography, population divergence and genetic background. We find statistical support for there being variation in the DFE at the species level, even among relatively closely related species. However, we find very little difference at the population level, suggesting that differences in the DFE are primarily driven by deep features of species biology, and that evolutionarily recent events, such as demographic changes and local adaptation, have little impact

Réaction du Cupressus sempervirens au chancre cortical (Seiridium cardinale) Protocole de lecture des longueurs extérieures (Le) et sur bois (Lb) après inoculation

no.: DIS-MO-DOC-04-0

Suivis de la phénologie en continu à différentes échelles en milieu forestier - Des caméras comme outils d’expertise

Dans un contexte de changement climatique, l’observation de la phénologie présente le double intérêt d’être à la fois un indicateur puissant du changement en cours mais également un facteur majeur de l’adaptation. C’est pourquoi, aujourd’hui de nombreux praticiens observent l’apparition, dans le temps, des évènements biologiques chez les plantes ou les animaux. Cependant, force est de constater que l’observation réalisée à l’oeil nu, avec ou sans jumelle, limite l’exercice, à cause de son caractère chronophage, subjectif et ponctuel. C’est pourquoi, certains laboratoires se sont engagés dans une réflexion sur la prise de données de phénologie par caméra en situation isolée. L’objectif de cet article est de faire le point, à travers 3 retours d’expériences, sur l’utilisation de plusieurs types de matériels testés (Brinno, Wingscapes, Axis). Les principaux résultats de ces expériences montrent un gain incontestable dans la qualité des images obtenues et ce quelle que soit l’échelle de l’observation : organe, arbre ou peuplements. Toutefois, ces résultats restent tributaires de l’étanchéité des systèmes testés, de leur fixation ainsi que de la nécessité d’effectuer des essais préliminaires avant de lancer véritablement l’opération. Par ailleurs, pour pouvoir exploiter de manière automatique les images, il faut respecter un certain nombre de recommandations, notamment la pose d’un panneau de référence, la définition de la région d’intérêt ou le choix du logiciel de traitement des données. Enfin, ces essais réalisés en situation isolée des réseaux de communication et électriques, montrent également l’utilité de recourir à des équipements munis de fonctionnalités type Bluetooth et/ou raccordables à des panneaux solaires. Pour avancer sur ces 2 derniers points, des solutions techniques à moindre coût existent et pourraient être développées notamment dans le cadre du SOERE TEMPO